RESUMO
Background: The fourth round of National Family Health Survey (2015-2016) measured blood pressure for the first time and provided a unique opportunity of exploring trends in hypertension prevalence across states and districts for the first time. Aim: This study will be the first in India to estimate the geospatial variation of hypertension among those in the 15-49 years age group in India. Materials and Methods: Out of a total of 616,346 selected occupied households, 601,509 were successfully interviewed, giving a response rate of 98%. We adjusted the proportion of hypertension obtained by using national sample weights. We built a multivariable logistic regression model to assess the determinants of hypertension. Results: The overall weighted prevalence of hypertension was 11.7%, and the prevalence was 11.1% in females and 11.0% in males. Urban areas had a higher prevalence (13.0%) compared to rural areas (11.0%). Those with no education (14.4%) and those who reported smoking (16.5%) had hypertension. Consumption of alcohol, fruits, and eggs was also found to be significantly related to hypertension. Conclusion: Hypertension epidemic is spreading alarmingly in India across rural and urban populations. Disturbingly, the hypertension prevalence is now becoming more concentrated among the poor. This phenomenon has serious implications for the country's social and economic well-being. Urgent preventive measures need to be taken at a multidisciplinary level.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: Despite the fact that marriage below the age of 18 years is illegal in India, a considerable number of females get married and start childbearing during their adolescent years. There is low prevalence of contraceptive methods and high unmet need for family planning (FP). Realizing this, new government programs have been launched to increase the uptake of sexual and reproductive health services among adolescents. However, evidence specific to this age group remains scarce. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of modern contraceptives among married adolescents, and to determine its association with sociodemographic variables, health worker outreach, and media exposure to FP messages in India. METHODS: Data for this analysis was drawn from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in India during 2015-16. The sample size is restricted to 13,232 currently married adolescent girls aged 15-19 years, who were not pregnant at the time of the survey. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were conducted to assess the levels of contraceptive use and its predictors among married adolescents. RESULTS: The use of modern contraceptives among married adolescents increased from 4 to 10% between 1992-93 and 2015-16. The uptake of modern contraceptives was found to be low among the uneducated, those residing in rural areas, among backward classes, those practising Hindu religion, women in the poorest wealth quintile, women without children, and those with no exposure to FP messages via media or health care workers. Among those who met health care workers and discussed FP issues with them, 34.11% were using modern contraceptives as compared to 11.53% of those who did not have discussions with health care workers. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence suggests that contact with health care workers significantly influences the use of modern contraceptives. Further focus on increasing contact between married adolescents' and health care workers, and improving the quality of counselling will protect adolescents from early marriage and pregnancy.
Complications related to early pregnancies and childbirth are a leading cause of death among adolescent girls. Still, a considerable number of young girls in India get married and start childbearing in adolescence. Data shows that 9% of the girls aged 1519 years in rural areas and 5% in urban areas have already begun childbearing. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends access to high-quality sexual and reproductive health information and services as a fundamental right of adolescents. In recent years, the Indian government has also taken several initiatives to cater to the needs of adolescents.The present study focuses on the levels of contraceptive use and the influence of health care workers and media outreach on the uptake of modern contraceptives among married adolescents in India.Findings from the present study suggest that though there has been an increase in the use of modern contraceptives among married adolescents over time, overall the level of contraceptive use is very low. There is visible variation in the use of modern contraceptives depending on the educational status, residence, religion, caste, and household wealth of adolescent girls. Contact of married adolescents with health care workers positively influences the uptake of modern contraceptives. However, the proportion of married adolescents who had contact with health care workers is very low.
