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Context: Music is ubiquitous and found in all cultures; it elicits both physiological and psychological responses in its listener. It has been proven that music reduces perception of pain and dosages of anesthetics and sedatives used during surgery. Aims: To study the effect spiritual music on perioperative anxiety and hemodynamic parameters in elderly patients undergoing procedures under spinal anesthesia. Settings and Design: A prospective, randomized controlled study. Subjects and Methods: Eighty patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were enrolled and randomly divided in two equal groups. Patients were transferred to the operation theater with the spiritual music still being played in Group I, while no music was played in Group C. Under aseptic precautions, neuraxial blockade was performed at L3/L4 interspace. Music was played throughout the surgery in Group I. Intraoperative visual analog scale for anxiety (VASA) was recorded. At the end of the surgery, spiritual music was stopped. The study parameters were recorded. Statistical Analysis Used: A significant difference in the proportions of male and female candidates between the two groups was calculated using Chi-squared test. Significant differences in the mean VASA scores and blood pressures (systolic blood pressure [SBP] and diastolic blood pressure [DBP]) between the two groups were calculated using Student's t-test. Results: No significant difference was observed between preoperative VASA score (P = 0.29) of both the groups, whereas a significant difference was present in intraoperative (P < 0.01) and postoperative VASA score (P < 0.01) of both the groups. In Group I, requirement for sedative was significantly lower (P < 0.01). Heart rate in Group I was on lower side, suggesting decrease in anxiety. No significant difference was observed in SBP or DBP of the patients of both the groups. Conclusions: Spiritual music can act as a noninvasive, simple, and inexpensive intervention for elderly patients to alleviate perioperative anxiety. It can also reduce the need for sedatives intraoperatively, thereby lowering the risk of side effects.
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Background The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of continuous epidural infusion with intermittent bolus doses for labour analgesia using ropivacaine 0.2% and opioids. Methods In this study, 70 primigravida patients were randomly divided into two groups of 35 each. Both groups received a loading dose of 10ml of 0.2% ropivacaine and 1µg/ml fentanyl in 5ml incremental doses while monitoring blood pressure and heart rate. Subsequently, Group I received a continuous epidural infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine with fentanyl at 10ml/hr, while Group II received 10 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine with fentanyl in bolus form every hour manually, with the first dose given after one hour of the initial loading dose. A rescue bolus dose of 5ml of 0.2% ropivacaine was given in both groups when they complained of breakthrough pain (VAS score >3). An additional 5ml bolus dose was given in both groups at the time of crowning. The blood pressure, heart rate, and severity of pain using the visual analogue scale (VAS) were assessed. Total drug volume utilized, the number of bolus doses, duration of the first and second stage of labour, rate of instrumental delivery and cesarean section, and neonatal Apgar scores were also recorded. Results The total volume of drugs consumed and the number of boluses required for breakthrough pain were both significantly lower in Group II. There was a similar decrease in hemodynamic parameters (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure) from baseline in both the groups with no significant difference between them. The onset of analgesia was significantly faster in Group I with both groups achieving optimum analgesia (VAS ≤ 3) within 20 minutes of the loading dose. Maternal motor blockade scores, the duration of the first and second stage of labour, the rate of instrumental delivery, cesarean section, and neonatal Apgar scores, did not show any statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion Both techniques, i.e. continuous epidural infusion and intermittent epidural boluses are effective for providing labour analgesia. But consumption of drugs and episodes of breakthrough pain was higher in the continuous infusion group (Group I).
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Background The epidural analgesia technique is effective for labor analgesia and combinations of various local anesthetics with lipophilic opioids like fentanyl are used. However, fentanyl can cause an increased incidence of pruritus, urinary retention, nausea, vomiting, giddiness, shivering, and respiratory depression. Dexmedetomidine and clonidine are selective alpha 2 agonists with analgesic properties and have been used via the neuraxial route with local anesthetics for the same without the side effects of fentanyl. Thus, the primary objective was to assess and compare the analgesic efficacy of the two-drug combinations by the visual analog scale (VAS) score. Methods Fifty-four primigravida women were randomly allocated in two groups of 27 each and were given an initial bolus of 10 mL of 0.125% levobupivacaine with dexmedetomidine 0.5 ug/kg in Group A and with clonidine 1 µg/kg in Group B. Subsequently, each patient received a background infusion rate of 10 mL/h, a bolus dose of 5 ml, and a lock-out interval of 10 min via a patient-controlled-analgesia (PCA) pump. The blood pressure, heart rate, and severity of pain using VAS were assessed. Durations of the stages of labor, rate of instrumental delivery, and cesarean section, side effects, maternal sedation, and neonatal Apgar scores were also recorded. Results VAS scores in both the groups progressively decreased to <3 by 15 min with significant differences at five, 10, 15, and 120 min being lower in group A. Onset of analgesia and time for maximum analgesia was significantly shorter in group A. There was a significant decrease in hemodynamic parameters from baseline in both groups. The fall in heart rate was significantly greater in Group A and at almost all the time intervals after baseline, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was also lower in group A. Maternal motor blockade scores, the intensity of maternal sedation, the incidence of maternal complications, the duration of the first and second stage of labor, the rate of instrumental delivery and cesarean section, total analgesic dose and PCA bolus requirement, and neonatal Apgar scores did not show a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion Both dexmedetomidine and clonidine provide hemodynamically stable labor with a fall in heart rate and maternal blood pressure in the initial hours. Dexmedetomidine has the advantage of faster onset of analgesia and time for maximum analgesia.
