RESUMO
Scientific evidence exists about the association between neurological diseases (i.e., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, depression, and memory loss) and oxidative damage. The increasing worldwide incidence of such diseases is attracting the attention of researchers to find palliative medications to reduce the symptoms and promote quality of life, in particular, in developing countries, e.g., South America and Africa. Among potential alternatives, extracts of Cannabis Sativa L. are suitable for people who have neurological disorders, spasticity, and pain, nausea, resulting from diseases such as cancer and arthritis. In this review, we discuss the latest developments in the use of Cannabis, its subtypes and constituents, extraction methods, and relevant pharmacological effects. Biomedical applications, marketed products, and prospects for the worldwide use of Cannabis Sativa L. extracts are also discussed, providing the bibliometric maps of scientific literature published in representative countries from South America (i.e., Brazil) and Africa (i.e., South Africa). A lack of evidence on the effectiveness and safety of Cannabis, besides the concerns about addiction and other adverse events, has led many countries to act with caution before changing Cannabis-related regulations. Recent findings are expected to increase the social acceptance of Cannabis, while new technologies seem to boost the global cannabis market because the benefits of (-)-trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) use have been proven in several studies in addition to the potential to general new employment.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Surgical site infections (SSI) represent an inherent risk after surgical procedures associated both to the surgical procedure and to the patient clinical conditions. AIM: To analyze in an integrative review the studies related to patient readmission due to SSI. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The review was carried out by LILACS, CINHAL, MEDLINE and COCHRANE databases and articles published from 1966 to 2010 were selected. RESULTS: It was analyzed 13 studies classified as transversal (7), cohort (4) and longitudinal (2). Few studies analyzed only the readmissions related to the SSI. Time to define the readmission ranged from 28 to 90 days after surgery and studies related to orthopedic procedures were more frequent. The ISS readmission rates were lower than 5%. The main aetiological agents isolated from ISS were Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. CONCLUSION: Monitoring readmissions due to SSI could contribute to dimension the occurrence of ISS post-discharge, once about half of the SSI post-discharge was diagnosed at the readmission moment.
Assuntos
Readmissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Background: Surgical site infections (SSI) represent an inherent risk after surgical procedures associated both to the surgical procedure and to the patient clinical conditions. Aim: To analyze in an integrative review the studies related to patient readmission due to SSI.Material and Method: The review was carried out by LILACS, CINHAL, MEDLINE and COCHRANE databases and articles published from 1966 to 2010 were selected. Results: It was analyzed 13 studies classified as transversal (7), cohort (4) and longitudinal (2). Few studies analyzed only the readmissions related to the SSI. Time to define the readmission ranged from 28 to 90 days after surgery and studies related to orthopedic procedures were more frequent. The ISS readmission rates were lower than 5%. The main aetiological agents isolated from ISS were Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Conclusion: Monitoring readmissions due to SSI could contribute to dimension the occurrence of ISS post-discharge, once about half of the SSI post-discharge was diagnosed at the readmission moment.
Introducción: Las infecciones de sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) representan un riesgo inherente a la realización de cualquier acto quirúrgico, asociado a factores propios del procedimiento, así como a condiciones del paciente. Objetivo. Analizar, en una revisión integradora, los estudios que abordaran aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados con el reingreso de pacientes por ISQ. Método: Se efectuó una revisión en las bases LILACS, SCOPUS, COCHRANE e MEDLINE con selección de artículos publicados desde 1966 hasta 2010. Resultados: Se analizaron 13 estudios, siendo siete estudios transversales, cuatro de cohortes y dos longitudinales. Escasos estudios se restringieron a analizar exclusivamente los reingresos relacionados a la ISQ. El tiempo para definir el reingreso varió de 28 a 90 días después de la cirugía y hubo un mayor número de estudios relacionados con procedimientos ortopédicos. La tasa de reingreso por ISQ en los estudios fue inferior a 5%. El principal agente aislado en las ISQ fue Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativas. Conclusión: La vigilancia de los reingresos por ISQ podría contribuir a dimensionar la ocurrencia de ISQ post-alta, ya que aproximadamente la mitad de las ISQ post-alta originaron reingresos a centros hospitalarios.
