Impact of acute kidney Injury on short-and long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is frequently observed after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and is associated with higher mortality. However, the impact of AKI on long-term outcomes remains controversial. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the impact of AKI on short- and long-term outcomes following TAVI using the Valve Academic Research Consortium 2 criteria. METHODS: Consecutive patients (n = 794) with severe aortic stenosis who underwent TAVI were included in a multicenter Brazilian registry. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of AKI. Four-year outcomes were determined as Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and an adjusted landmark analysis was used to test the impact of AKI on mortality among survivors at 12 months. RESULTS: The incidence of AKI after TAVI was 18%. Independent predictors of AKI were age, diabetes mellitus, major or life-threatening bleeding and valve malpositioning. Acute kidney injury was independently associated with higher risk of all-cause death (adjusted HR, 2.8; 95%CI, 2.0-3.9; P < .001) and cardiovascular mortality (adjusted HR, 2.9; 95%CI, 1.9-4.4; P < .001) over the entire follow-up period. However, when considering only survivors at 12 months, there was no difference in both clinical endpoints (adjusted HR, 1.2; 95%CI, 0.5-2.4; P = .71, and HR, 0.7; 95%CI, 0.2-2.1; P = .57, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication after TAVI. Older age, diabetes, major or life-threatening bleeding, and valve malpositioning were independent predictors of AKI. Acute kidney injury is associated with worse short- and long-term outcomes. However, the major impact of AKI on mortality is limited to the first year after TAVI. Copyright © 2017 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved. KEYWORDS: Acute kidney injury; Aortic stenosis; Daño renal agudo; Edad avanzada; Elderly; Estenosis aórtica; Implante percutáneo de válvula aórtica; Mortalidad; Mortality; Transcatheter aortic valve implantation; Valve Academic Research Consortium.

Avaliação de refluxos paraprotéticos por meio da ecocardiografia transesofágica tridimensional com Doppler colorido / Evaluation of paravalvular leaks through color Doppler three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography

Fundamento: Os refluxos paraprotéticos são complicações comuns após cirurgia de troca valvar. A quantificação da gravidade, a localização e a morfologia dos refluxos paraprotéticos podem ser demonstradas por meio da ecocardiografia transesofágica tridimensional. Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre gravidade da regurgitação paravalvar, avaliada pela ecocardiografia tradicional bidimensional, usando a largura da vena contracta, e as medidas derivadas da avaliação pela ecocardiografia transesofágica tridimensional (comprimento, largura e área); avaliar o sucesso terapêutico da oclusão de refluxos paraprotéticos, guiada por ecocardiografia transesofágica tridimensional, e a correlação entre as medidas desta e as dos dispositivos para oclusão percutânea. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de 11 pacientes consecutivamente submetidos ao tratamento percutâneo de refluxos paraprotéticos entre 2014 e 2015, avaliados por meio de ecocardiografia transtorácica e ecocardiografia transesofágica tridimensional, no pré-operatório e no intraoperatório. Resultados: De um total de 20 refluxos paraprotéticos, 18 apresentaram sucesso técnico imediato. Não houve correlação entre as medidas da vena contracta bidimensional e as derivadas da ecocardiografia transesofágica tridimensional. Houve correlação forte entre o comprimento do defeito pela ecocardiografia transesofágica tridimensional e o comprimento do dispositivo para oclusão percutânea (rho = 0,929; p < 0,001), além de correlação moderada entre a área do defeito e a do dispositivo para oclusão percutânea (rho = 0,682; p = 0,002). Não houve correlação entre a largura do dispositivo para oclusão percutânea e a do defeito medida pela ecocardiografia transesofágica tridimensional (rho = 0,440; p = 0,067). Conclusão: Não houve correlação entre a medida da vena contracta bidimensional e as medidas derivadas da ecocardiografia transesofágica tridimensional. A escolha dos dispositivos para oclusão percutânea baseada nas medidas da ecocardiografia transesofágica tridimensional apresentou alta taxa de sucesso imediato, com ótima correlação entre o comprimento dos defeitos e dos dispositivos para oclusão percutânea. A correlação entre as áreas foi boa e não houve correlação entre as larguras

Background: Paravalvular leaks are a common complication after valve replacement surgery. Quantification of the severity, location and morphology of paravalvular leaks can be obtained by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between the severity of paravalvular regurgitation by vena contracta measurement using bidimensional echocardiography, and measurements derived from three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (length, width and area). To evaluate the therapeutic success of three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography-guided paravalvular leaks occlusion and the correlation between three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography measurements and dimensions of devices for percutaneous occlusion. Method: Retrospective study of 11 patients consecutively submitted to percutaneous paravalvular leaks treatment between 2014 and 2015, using transthoracic echocardiography and between three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the preoperative and intraoperative periods. Results: Out of a total of 20 paravalvular leaks, 18 showed immediate technical success. There was no correlation between the measurements of the bidimensional vena contracta and the measures derived from the three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. There was a strong correlation between the defect length measured by the three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography and the device for percutaneous occlusion length (rho = 0.929; p < 0.001); and moderate between the defect area and the device for percutaneous occlusion area (rho = 0.682,p = 0.002). There was no correlation between the device for percutaneous occlusion width and the defect width measured by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (rho = 0.440; p = 0.067). Conclusion: There was no correlation between the measurement of the bidimensional vena contracta and the measures derived from the three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. The choice of devices for percutaneous occlusion based on three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography measurements showed a high success rate, with an excellent correlation between defect length and devices for percutaneous occlusion length. The correlation between the areas was good, and there was no correlation between the widths

Avaliação do recolhimento elástico tardio de stents farmacológicos de primeira e segunda gerações / Evaluation of the late stent recoil of first and second generation drug-eluting stents

Introdução: A expansão radial e a sustentação da parede do vaso pelos stents melhoraram os resultados da angioplastia coronária por balão. Entre as características dos stents mais contemporâneos destacam-se a redução da espessura de suas hastes e plataformas com novos desenhos, mas não está claro se essas modificações podem resultar em próteses de menor força radial e suscetíveis a recolhimento elástico, especialmente em evoluções muito tardias. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar se ocorre recolhimento elástico tardio em duas gerações de stents farmacológicos (SFs) em avaliação por ultrassom intracoronário (USIC) seriado a longo prazo. Métodos: O estudo avaliou 25 pacientes com lesões coronárias únicas, de novo, tratados com SFs (12 CypherTM e 13 BioMatrixTM) e submetidos a USIC pós-procedimento e 4-6 meses e 4-5 anos após o implante. Foram comparados os volumes dos stents no período compreendido entre o procedimento índice e os reestudos de médio e longo prazos. O recolhimento elástico do stent foi definido como diminuição > 10% do volume índice do stent. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (52%), com média de idade de 58,8 ± 7,6 anos, e 28% eram diabéticos. O volume do stent índice, objetivo primário deste estudo, foi de 7,7 ± 1,5 mm3/mm no pós-procedimento, de 7,7 ± 2,1 mm3/mm aos 4-6 meses, e de 7,8 ± 1,6 mm3/mm aos 4-5 anos, com variação tardia de -0,02 ± 1,6 mm3/mm (P = 0,97). A variação a longo prazo do volume do stent índice foi de 0,13 ± 1,8 mm3/mm (1,7%) para o stent CypherTM e de -0,05 ± 1,3 mm3/mm (-0,6%) para o stent BioMatrixTM (P = 0,78). Conclusões: A avaliação invasiva seriada por meio do USIC mostrou que SFs de aço inoxidável, de diferentes gerações, não demonstraram evidência de recolhimento elástico a longo prazo.

BACKGROUND: Radial expansion and vessel wall scaffolding properties of stainless steel stents have improved the outcomes of coronary balloon angioplasty. Thinner struts and new platform designs are characteristic of more contemporaneous stents, but it is not clear whether these changes may result in devices with less radial strength, susceptible to elastic recoil, especially in the very late follow-up. This study was aimed at assessing late stent recoil in two generations of drug-eluting stents (DES) using serial intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) analysis. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with single de novo coronary lesions, treated with DES (12 CypherTM and 13 BioMatrixTM), were included and serial IVUS analysis was performed after stent implantation and at 4-6-months and 4-5 years of follow-up. Stent volume index was compared between the procedure and the mid and long-term follow-ups. Stent recoil was defined as a decrease > 10% of the stent volume index. RESULTS: Most of the patients were male (52%), with mean age of 58.8 ± 7.6 years, and 28% were diabetic. Stent volume index, the primary objective of this study, was 7.7 ± 1.5 mm³/mm post-procedure, 7.7 ± 2.1 mm³/mm at 4-6 months and 7.8 ± 1.6 mm³/mm at 4-5 years, with a delta of -0.02 ± 1.6 mm³/mm (P = 0.97). The long-term delta stent volume index was 0.13 ± 1.8 mm³/mm (1.7%) for the CypherTM stent and -0.05 ± 1.3 mm³/mm (-0.6%) for the BioMatrixTM stent (P = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS: Serial IVUS analysis showed that stainless steel DES of different generations did not show evidence of long-term elastic recoil.