False diagnosis of recurrent thyroid carcinoma: the importance of testing for heterophile antibodies.

Thyroglobulin (Tg) levels are important to predict recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer patients.However, false-positive results can hence the request of unnecessary tests and treatments. We reported two cases of interference in thyroglobulin measurement and the workup to investigate them. Both patients achieved an excellent response to therapy after total thyroidectomy and one patient had also received radioiodine treatment. During the follow-up, Tg levels increased and there was no evidence of recurrent disease in the imaging studies. The Tg levels by the Access platform were positive but the results by Elecsys platform and LC-MS/MS were undetectable, leading to the hypothesis of heterophile antibodies (HAbs) interference. The possibility of HAbs interference must be considered when the Tg levels do not fit in the clinical picture. The measurement of Tg by another immunoassay or by LC-MS/MS may be useful in these situations.

False diagnosis of recurrent thyroid carcinoma: the importance of testing for heterophile antibodies

SUMMARY Thyroglobulin (Tg) levels are important to predict recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. However, false-positive results can hence the request of unnecessary tests and treatments. We reported two cases of interference in thyroglobulin measurement and the workup to investigate them. Both patients achieved an excellent response to therapy after total thyroidectomy and one patient had also received radioiodine treatment. During the follow-up, Tg levels increased and there was no evidence of recurrent disease in the imaging studies. The Tg levels by the Access platform were positive but the results by Elecsys platform and LC-MS/MS were undetectable, leading to the hypothesis of heterophile antibodies (HAbs) interference. The possibility of HAbs interference must be considered when the Tg levels do not fit in the clinical picture. The measurement of Tg by another immunoassay or by LC-MS/MS may be useful in these situations.

Complicações transfusionais em pacientes idosos hospitalizados: revisão integrativa da literatura / Complicaciones transfusionales en ancianos hospitalizados: revisión integrativa de la literatura / Transfusion complications in hospitalized elderly patients: integrative literature review

Objetivo: identificar as principais complicações ocasionadas pela transfusão sanguínea à saúde do idoso hospitalizado através da análise das evidências científicas. Método: revisão integrativa realizada com estudos em inglês provenientes de bases de dados nacionais e internacionais publicados no período de 2017 a 2021. Os principais descritores foram "Blood Transfusion", "Transfusion Reaction", "Aged" e "Hospitalization", combinados por meio dos operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR". Resultados: foram incluídos 23 estudos que retratavam as principais complicações da transfusão sanguínea para a pessoa idosa hospitalizada. As doze diferentes complicações foram alocadas em duas categorias: relacionadas a cirurgias ou complicações não-cirúrgicas. Maior tempo de permanência hospitalar, mortalidade, reações transfusionais, lesão renal aguda pós-operatória e delirium pós-operatório fizeram parte dos principais achados. Conclusão: os mecanismos pelos quais as complicações se desenvolvem ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos, evidenciando a importância do estímulo à realização de novas pesquisas que envolvam esta temática.

Objective: to identify the main complications caused by blood transfusion to the health of the hospitalized elderly through the analysis of scientific evidence. Method: integrative review conducted with studies in English from national and international databases published in the period from 2017 to 2021. The main descriptors were "BloodTransfusion", "Transfusion Reaction", "Aged" and "Hospitalization", combined by means of the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR". Results: 23 studies were included that depicted the main complications of blood transfusion for the hospitalized elderly person. The twelve different complications were allocated into two categories: surgery-related or non-surgical complications. Longer hospital stay, mortality, transfusion reactions, postoperative acute kidney injury and postoperative delirium were among the mainachievements. Conclusion: the mechanisms by which complications develop are not yet fully understood, highlighting the importance of encouraging further research on this topic.

Objetivo: identificar las principales complicaciones ocasionadas por la transfusión sanguínea a la salud del idoso hospitalizado a través del análisis de las evidencias científicas. Método: revisión integradora realizada con estudios en inglés de bases de datos nacionales e internacionales publicados en el período 2017 a 2021. Los descriptores principales fueron "BloodTransfusion", "Transfusion Reaction", "Aged" y "Hospitalization", combinados mediante los operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR". Resultados:se incluyeron 23 estudios que retrataban las principales complicaciones de la transfusión sanguínea en el anciano hospitalizado. Las doce complicaciones diferentes se asignaron a dos categorías: complicaciones relacionadas con la cirugía o complicaciones no relacionadas con la cirugía. La prolongación de la estancia hospitalaria, la mortalidad, las reacciones transfusionales, la lesión renal aguda postoperatoria y el delirio postoperatorio formaron parte de las principales. Conclusión: los mecanismos por los que se desarrollan las complicaciones aún no se comprenden del todo, lo que pone de relieve la importancia de fomentar la investigación sobre este tema.

Effect of Glomerulopathy Recurrence in the Outcome and Graft Survival of Kidney Transplanted Patients.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent glomerulopathy (GP) after kidney transplantation is a complication of kidney transplantation that could negatively affect kidney function and graft survival. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome, graft survival, and GP recurrence and its predictive factors in kidney-transplanted patients. METHODS: Patients were divided into 2 groups: G1 (with GP; n = 95) and G2 (with other causes of end-stage renal disease; n = 373). Graft survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier for living donor (LD) and deceased donor (DD). Cox proportional hazards regression were used to investigate the predictors for graft loss and for GP recurrence. RESULTS: Disease recurrence was observed in 9 patients who received a kidney from an LD, of which 4 lost their grafts. In patients who received a kidney from a DD, recurrence was also observed in 9 patients, of which 3 lost their grafts. No statistically significant differences in graft survival between G1 and G2 in relation to LD and DD were noted (P = .299 and .434, respectively). However, differences in graft survival were found when GP subtypes and GP recurrence were analyzed. The predictors of graft loss were delayed graft function (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.226, P = .002), rejection episodes (HR = 1.904, P = .017), and recurrence or transplant GP (HR = 3.243, P = .006). The predictors of disease recurrence or transplant GP were age (HR = 0.945, P = .028) and cold ischemia time (HR = 1.117, P = .003). CONCLUSION: Kidney transplantation could be a reasonable treatment for GP with end-stage renal disease. Despite the disease recurrence, which is a significant cause of graft loss in transplant recipients, graft survival remains satisfactory.

Determination of the reference interval of the C-reactive protein/albumin ratio and its efficiency, CRP and albumin as prognostic markers in dogs / Determinação do intervalo de referência e da eficiência da relação proteína C-reativa/albumina, PCR e albumina como marcadores prognósticos em cães

The objective of this research was to creates a reference interval for C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin ratio (CAR) in the canine species and to analyze the potential of CRP, albumin and the relationship between both, to serve as indicators of disease severity, length of hospital stay (LoS) and mortality in this species. For this, an outcome study was conducted in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in southern Brazil. One hundred ninety dogs were included randomly, without distinction of gender, age, or breed, from June 2013 to November 2016. Plasma was collected from them and analyzed for assessment of CRP and albumin. The reference range stipulated for CAR in dogs was 0.36-0.60, as determined by the confidence interval of mean resamplings (in percentiles). The frequencies mean, and standard deviations of the variables, correlation analysis, and comparative analysis (Kruskal-Wallis in α = 5%) were calculated. Elevation (above reference) of CAR was determined to be proportional to the severity of the underlying disease, and CRP means were reasonable. Besides, hypoalbuminemia was indicative of systemic disease, but not of severity. Thus, CAR was a better marker of disease severity than were CRP and albumin, analyzed separately. Concerning LoS, there was a positive correlation with CAR (p<0.01) in patients, and the same was not observed with CRP and albumin. Concerning mortality, hypoalbuminemia was the only marker valid in animals with a critical illness (p=0.04). In conclusion, CAR is a better marker of disease severity and LoS in dogs than are CRP and albumin analyzed separately.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar um intervalo de referência para a relação proteína C reativa (PCR)/albumina (R:PCR/ALB) na espécie canina e analisar o potencial de PCR, albumina e a relação entre ambas como indicadores de gravidade de doença, tempo de internação (TI) e mortalidade nesta espécie. Para isso, um estudo foi realizado em um Hospital Veterinário Escola no sul do Brasil. Cento e noventa cães foram incluídos aleatoriamente, sem distinção de sexo, idade ou raça, de junho de 2013 a novembro de 2016. O plasma foi coletado e analisado para avaliação da PCR e albumina. O intervalo de referência estipulado para o R:PCR/ALB em cães foi de 0,36-0,60, conforme determinado pelo intervalo de confiança da média das reamostragens (em percentis). Foram calculadas as frequências, médias e desvios-padrões das variáveis, análises de correlação e análises comparativas (Kruskal-Wallis em α = 5%). Notou-se elevação (acima da referência) da R:PCR/ALB proporcional à gravidade da doença de base, sendo normais as médias da PCR. Adicionalmente, a hipoalbuminemia foi indicadora de doença sistêmica, mas, não de gravidade. Dessa forma, a R:PCR/ALB foi melhor indicadora de gravidade de doença do que a PCR e albumina, analisadas separadamente. Em relação ao TI, houve correlação positiva com a R:PCR/ALB (p<0,01) em doentes, não sendo observado o mesmo com a PCR e albumina. Em relação à mortalidade, a hipoalbuminemia foi a única marcadora válida em animais com doenças críticas (p=0,04). Conclui-se, portanto, que a R:PCR/ALB é melhor marcadora de gravidade de doença e TI em cães do que a PCR e albumina analisadas separadamente.(AU)

Thyroid Nodules in Severely Obese Patients: Frequency and Risk of Malignancy on Ultrasonography.

Background: We aimed to compare the thyroid ultrasonographic findings of severely obese versus nonobese individuals, and the frequency, characteristics, and risk of malignancy in detected nodules.Design: Case-control study including 67 adults with severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 35 kg/m2) and 67 nonobese controls (BMI < 30 kg/m2). The participants underwent ultrasound evaluation of the thyroid and cervical subcutaneous tissue. The risk of malignancy in detected nodules was determined using the American Thyroid Association (ATA) 2015 and the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) classifications. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed in nodules for which the procedure was recommended according to the ATA-2015 or TI-RADS criteria, and the cytological evaluation followed the Bethesda classification.Results: The mean BMI values in the case and control groups were 47.0 ± 6.1 kg/m2 and 22.8 ± 2.7 kg/m2, respectively. There were no differences between groups regarding sex, age, total T3, and antiperoxidase (antiTPO) antibody positivity. When compared with controls, severely obese individuals showed a greater frequency of parenchymal hypoechogenicity (p = 0.042), cervical subcutaneous tissue thickness (p < 0.001), overall frequency of thyroid nodules (p = 0.038), and frequency of multiple nodules (p = 0.013). No significant differences were observed in terms of risk of nodular malignancy according to both the ATA-2015 and TI-RADS classifications in severely obese compared with nonobese individuals.Conclusions: Severely obese individuals (versus nonobese controls) presented increased parenchymal hypoechogenicity and frequency of thyroid nodules on ultrasonographic evaluation. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of risk of nodular malignancy between both groups according to the ATA-2015 and TI-RADS criteria. Thus, ultrasonographic thyroid screening of severely obese individuals is not justified.

Effects of immunotherapy induction on outcome and graft survival of kidney-transplanted patients with different immunological risk of rejection.

BACKGROUND: In kidney transplantation, immunotherapy with thymoglobulin (rATG) has been used to down-regulate the patient immune system. rATG is a powerful immunobiologic drug used to deplete lymphocytes to prevent early acute rejection. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of immunotherapy by rATG on graft suvival during a 9-year period in kidney-transplanted patients with different immunological profiles. METHODS: A sample of 469 patients were allocated into four groups (G) based on immunological risk of rejection: G1, low risk, not sensitized recipients, solid-phase immunoassay with single antigen beads (SPI-SAB) < 10%; G2, medium risk I, sensitized recipients, SPI-SAB ≥ 10 < 50%; G3, medium risk II sensitized (SPI-SAB ≥50%); and G4, high risk, sensitized recipients, SPI-SAB- donor-specific antibody positive (DSA+). Only patients from G3 and G4 received immunotherapy. RESULTS: Of 255 patients who received a kidney from a living donor (LD), 42 (16.47%) from all groups (G) had T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) and four (G1) lost their grafts, 8 (3.14%) had antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), and two lost their graft in G1 and G4. Of 214 patients who received a kidney from deceased donors (DD), 37 (17.29%) had TCMR with one lost graft in G1. AMR was shown in 13 (6.07%) patients, with three losses observed in G2. Statistical differences between the groups in the 9-year graft survival rate were found only in the comparison of G1 versus G2 (P = 0.005) and G2 versus G4 (P = 0.047) for DD. For LD, no statistical differences were found. CONCLUSION: This clinical retrospective study shows that immunotherapy induction was associated with improvement of outcomes, graft function, and survival in patients treated with immunotherapy in comparison with patients who did not received induction therapy. These findings strongly suggest that immunotherapy should be used for all patients transplanted with kidneys from deceased donors.

When spider and snake get along: Fusion of a snake disintegrin with a spider phospholipase D to explore their synergistic effects on a tumor cell.

Venoms of spiders and snakes contain toxins extremely active and, thus, provide a natural source for the development of new biotechnological tools. Among the diversity of toxins present in the venom of spiders from genus Loxosceles, the phospholipases D (PLDs) show high hydrolytic activity upon lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and sphingomyelin (SM), generating bioactive phospholipids such as cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA). Since this mediator has been shown to play a major role in complex signaling pathways, including inhibition of tumor cells, the PLDs may hold the key to learn how toxins could be used for therapeutic purposes. However, the strong platelet aggregation of PLDs and their lack of selectivity impose a major limitation. On the other hand, disintegrins present in the venoms of Viperidae snakes are a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and possess high affinity and specificity to molecules called integrins that are highly expressed in some tumor cells, such as murine melanoma B16F10. Therefore, disintegrins might be suitable molecules to carry the PLDs to the malignant cells, so both toxins may work synergistically to eliminate these cells. Thus, in this work, a recombinant PLD from Loxosceles gaucho spider was recombinantly fused to a disintegrin from Echis carinatus snake to form a hybrid toxin called Rechistatin. This recombinant toxin was successfully expressed in bacteria, showed binding activity in B16F10 murine melanoma cells and exerted a synergistic cytotoxicity effect on these cells. Therefore, the approach presented in this work may represent a new strategy to explore new potential applications for spider PLDs.

Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Thyroid Nodules in Severely Obese Patients: A Case-Control Study

Background: The association of obesity with the occurrence of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer has been demonstrated. However, there is limited knowledge on the risk factors of thyroid nodules in in severely obese patients. The aim was to evaluate the occurrence of thyroid nodules in severely obese and nonobese patients and determine the factors associated considering sociodemographic, lifestyle, and biochemical variables. Methods: This is a case-control study of 134 adults which 67 nonobese, control group, and 67 severely obese (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2), case group. All participants underwent thyroid ultrasound. Results: The occurrence of thyroid nodules in a control group was 13.4% (n = 9), while in a case group was 29.9%, n = 20), difference statistically significant (p = 0.017). Factors associated with the occurrence of thyroid nodules in severely obese patients were lower mean age (p = 0.022); higher economic class (p = 0.010); nonconsumption of alcohol (p = 0.017); higher fasting glycemia (p = 0.009), fasting insulin (p = 0.001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] (p = 0.045), and triglyceride (p = 0.009) mean values; and lower vitamin D3 (p = 0.045) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.041) mean values. Conclusions: Occurrence of thyroid nodules in severely obese patients was higher than nonobese. Lower age at diagnosis, higher economic level, nonconsumption of alcohol, hyperinsulinemia, higher HOMA-IR scores, and lower vitamin D3 levels were factors associated with the occurrence of thyroid nodules in severely obese patients.

When spider and snake get along: fusion of a snake disintegrin with a spider phospholipase D to explore their synergistic effects on a tumor cell

Venoms of spiders and snakes contain toxins extremely active and, thus, provide a natural source for the development of new biotechnological tools. Among the diversity of toxins present in the venom of spiders from genus Loxosceles, the phospholipases D (PLDs) show high hydrolytic activity upon lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and sphingomyelin (SM), generating bioactive phospholipids such as cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA). Since this mediator has been shown to play a major role in complex signaling pathways, including inhibition of tumor cells, the PLDs may hold the key to learn how toxins could be used for therapeutic purposes. However, the strong platelet aggregation of PLDs and their lack of selectivity impose a major limitation. On the other hand, disintegrins present in the venoms of Viperidae snakes are a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and possess high affinity and specificity to molecules called integrins that are highly expressed in some tumor cells, such as murine melanoma B16F10. Therefore, disintegrins might be suitable molecules to carry the PLDs to the malignant cells, so both toxins may work synergistically to eliminate these cells. Thus, in this work, a recombinant PLD from Loxosceles gaucho spider was recombinantly fused to a disintegrin from Echis carinatus snake to form a hybrid toxin called Rechistatin. This recombinant toxin was successfully expressed in bacteria, showed binding activity in B16F10 murine melanoma cells and exerted a synergistic cytotoxicity effect on these cells. Therefore, the approach presented in this work may represent a new strategy to explore new potential applications for spider PLDs.

When spider and snake get along: fusion of a snake disintegrin with a spider phospholipase D to explore their synergistic effects on a tumor cell

Venoms of spiders and snakes contain toxins extremely active and, thus, provide a natural source for the development of new biotechnological tools. Among the diversity of toxins present in the venom of spiders from genus Loxosceles, the phospholipases D (PLDs) show high hydrolytic activity upon lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and sphingomyelin (SM), generating bioactive phospholipids such as cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA). Since this mediator has been shown to play a major role in complex signaling pathways, including inhibition of tumor cells, the PLDs may hold the key to learn how toxins could be used for therapeutic purposes. However, the strong platelet aggregation of PLDs and their lack of selectivity impose a major limitation. On the other hand, disintegrins present in the venoms of Viperidae snakes are a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and possess high affinity and specificity to molecules called integrins that are highly expressed in some tumor cells, such as murine melanoma B16F10. Therefore, disintegrins might be suitable molecules to carry the PLDs to the malignant cells, so both toxins may work synergistically to eliminate these cells. Thus, in this work, a recombinant PLD from Loxosceles gaucho spider was recombinantly fused to a disintegrin from Echis carinatus snake to form a hybrid toxin called Rechistatin. This recombinant toxin was successfully expressed in bacteria, showed binding activity in B16F10 murine melanoma cells and exerted a synergistic cytotoxicity effect on these cells. Therefore, the approach presented in this work may represent a new strategy to explore new potential applications for spider PLDs.

Integração ensino-serviço-comunidade nos cenários de práticas na formação interdisciplinar em Saúde: uma experiência do Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde (PET-Saúde) no sul da Bahia, Brasil / Integración enseñanza-servicio-comunidad en los escenarios de prácticas en la formación interdisciplinaria en salud: una experiencai del Programa de Educación por el Trabajo para la Salud (PET / Salud) / Teaching-service-community integration in practice scenarios of interdisciplinary Health Education: an experience of the Work Education for Health Program (PET-Health) in Southern Bahia

A proposta do Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde (PET-Saúde) da Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia (UFSB) focaliza as relações entre saberes e práticas acadêmicas, profissionais e populares, desenvolvendo uma postura crítica e reflexiva na formulação de problemas com base nas demandas concretas da comunidade, por meio do trabalho em equipe, fortalecendo a articulação entre universidade e Rede de Atenção à Saúde. O objetivo foi relatar a experiência do PET-Saúde em um curso de Bacharelado Interdisciplinar em Saúde na UFSB, em Porto Seguro, sul da Bahia, no período entre maio de 2016 e março de 2017. Valoriza-se aqui a importância do processo ensino-aprendizagem vinculado aos cenários das práticas na formação em saúde. A experiência relatada esteve orientada pelos princípios da pesquisa-ação na elaboração do diagnóstico participativo da situação de saúde do território para mudanças no contexto social e sanitário e debate da relevância social do ensino na formação para o exercício profissional.(AU)

La propuesta del PET-Salud de la Universidad del Sur de Bahia (UFSB) se enfoca en las relaciones entre saberes y prácticas académicas, profesionales y populares, desarrollando una postura crítica y reflexiva en la formulación de problemas con base en las demandas concretas de la comunidad, por medio del trabajo en equipo, fortaleciendo la articulación entre la universidad y la Red de Atención a la Salud. El objetivo fue relatar la experiencia del PET-Saluden un curso de Formación Interdisciplinaria en Salud en la UFSB, en Porto Seguro, sur del estado de Bahía, en el período entre mayo de 2016 y marzo de 2017. Aquí se valoriza la importancia del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje vinculado a los escenarios de las prácticas en la formación en salud. La experiencia relatada estuvo orientada por los principios de la investigación-acción en la elaboración del diagnóstico participativo de la situación de salud del territorio para cambios en el contexto social y sanitario y debate de la relevancia social de la enseñanza en la formación para el ejercicio profesional.(AU)

ABSTRACT The proposal of the PET-Health program program, at the Federal University of Southern Bahia (UFSB) and municipal health secretariats, addresses relationships among academic, professional and popular knowledge and practices, developing a critical and reflexive conduct in the formulation of problems based on concrete demands of communities through teamwork, and strengthening integration between the university and the healthcare network. The objective of this study was to report the PET-Health program experience in an interdisciplinary health undergraduate course at the UFSB, in Porto Seguro, state of Bahia, between May 2016 and March 2017. It considered the importance of the teaching-learning process associated with practice settings in health education. The reported experiences were oriented by the research-action principles in the formulation of participatory diagnoses of the Brazilian health situation to promote changes in the social and health context and in the discussion of the social relevance of teaching in theeducation process for professional practice.(AU)

Assistência ao parto e presença do acompanhante: um estudo sobre as jovens do Inquérito Nacional sobre Parto e Nascimento - "Nascer no Brasil" / Assistance in childbirth and the companions presence a study on the young women of the National Survey on Childbirth and Birth - "Born in Brazil"

Introdução: Estudos sobre a assistência ao parto de mulheres jovens são escassos no país, sobretudo considerando a perspectiva e especificidade das questões envolvidas sobre a reprodução na juventude e das práticas utilizadas com os preceitos da humanização do nascimento na assistência obstétricas voltada para as jovens. Sabe-se que adoção de práticas obstétricas úteis e a presença do acompanhante (suporte contínuo) durante o processo do nascimento traz benefícios aos desfechos maternos e perinatais. Estas práticas são consideradas como bons indicadores para avaliar a qualidade da assistência obstétrica prestada às mulheres. Objetivos: analisar a assistência obstétrica e a presença do acompanhante durante o trabalho de parto e parto das jovens de risco obstétrico habitual entrevistadas no Inquérito Nacional sobre Parto e Nascimento Nascer no Brasil, Região Sudeste; analisar a qualidade da assistência ao parto oferecida às jovens, a partir do exame dos dados sobre as práticas obstétricas; caracterizar a assistência ao parto e descrever a presença do acompanhante, segundo os dois grupos etários de jovens. Métodos: Estudo transversal, a partir dos dados do Inquérito Nacional sobre Parto e Nascimento Nascer no Brasil (NNB), com coleta de dados realizada entre os anos de 2011 e 2012. No presente estudo, a amostra foi composta por 1.212 mulheres jovens entrevistadas pelo inquérito NNB, pertencentes aos hospitais da região Sudeste. Os critérios de inclusão neste estudo foram: mulheres de risco obstétrico habitual com até 24 anos de idade. A análise e a comparação dos dados foram realizadas a partir de dois grupos de mulheres: mulheres entre 13 a 18 anos (adolescentes) e as mulheres entre 19 a 24 anos. A associação entre os grupos de jovens e as variáveis estudadas foi realizada pela análise descritiva bivariada. Foi verificada a associação entre os grupos por meio do teste de associação qui-quadrado de Pearson (x2), com nível de significância de 5 por cento (p < 0,05). Resultados: Foram encontradas altas prevalências de práticas prejudiciais para a condução do trabalho de parto e nascimento das jovens mulheres, como a posição de litotomia (93,6 por cento ), o uso do cateter venoso periférico (70,9 por cento ), restrição de dieta e líquidos (68 por cento ), amniotomia (57,1 por cento ), ocitocina (53,6 por cento ), episiotomia (49,9 por cento ) e a manobra de Kristeller (40,9 por cento ) e houve baixa utilização das práticas consideradas úteis e adequadas para a atenção ao parto, tais como: medidas não farmacológicas de alívio para dor (39,9 por cento ), contato pele-a-pele logo após o nascimento (35,5 por cento ), amamentação na sala de parto (21,3 por cento ) e posição não-supina (5,7 por cento ). Os índices foram capazes de caracterizar a assistência ao parto, demonstrando uma qualidade aquém da desejável. Apenas 25 por cento das jovens tiveram a presença do acompanhante conforme a lei 11.108/05. As jovens de 13 a 18 anos apresentaram prevalência maior de intervenções durante a assistência ao nascimento, apesar de terem sido mais acompanhadas em todos os momentos da internação, em relação as jovens de 19 a 24 anos. Conclusões: Constatou-se que o modelo de assistência oferecido às jovens foi marcado pela presença de intervenções desnecessárias e o baixo uso das boas práticas. A presença do acompanhante não esteve associada a uma menor magnitude de práticas prejudiciais ocorridas no trabalho de parto e parto das jovens

Background: Studies with regards to childbirth assistance of young women are scarce in our country, especially when considering the perspective and specificity of the issues involved in the reproduction among youth and the practices used with the precepts of the humanization of birth in obstetric care for young women. It is known that the adoption of useful obstetrical practices and the presence of the companion (i.e. continuous support) during the birth process bring benefits to both maternal and perinatal outcomes. Such practices are considered as positive indicators when assessing the quality of obstetric care provided to women. Objectives: To analyze obstetric care and the presence of the companion during labour and the delivery of young women at habitual obstetric risk interviewed in the National Birth and Birth Survey - \"Born in Brazil\"; to analyze the quality of delivery assistance offered to young women, based on the examination of data on obstetrical practices; to characterize delivery assistance and describe the presence of the companion, according to the two age groups of young women. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on data collected from the National Birth and Birth Survey - \"Born in Brazil\" (NNB), with data collection performed between 2011 and 2012. In the present study, the sample consisted of 1.212 young women interviewed by the NNB survey, belonging to hospitals located in the Southeast region. The inclusion criteria in such present study were: women of habitual obstetric risk up to 24 years of age. Data analysis and comparison were performed in two groups of women: women between the ages of 13 and 18 (adolescents) and women between the ages of 19 and 24. The association between the groups of young women and the studied variables was performed by the bivariate descriptive analysis. The association between the heretofore mentioned groups was verified by using the Pearson chi-square association test (x2), with a significance level of 5 per cent

Análise do perfil socioeconômico e da prevalência de enteroparasitoses em crianças com idade escolar em um município de Minas Gerais / Analysis of the socioeconomic profile and prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in school-age children in city of Minas Gerais State

As enteroparasitoses são causas relevantes de agravo à saúde, sendo frequentes principalmente em crianças com idade escolar. Saneamento básico, higiene e nível socioeconômico são fatores determinantes para a transmissão de parasitoses intestinais. O objetivo foi avaliar a prevalência das parasitoses intestinais em crianças em idade escolar, caracterizar o perfil socioeconômico e de moradia da população e analisar o perfil das parasitoses no município de Rio Preto/MG. O estudo descritivo e transversal analisou amostras de fezes de 79 crianças de 4 a 7 anos em uma escola municipal. A coleta das amostras fecais foi realizada pelo sistema parasitológico Paratest® Formalina 5 para pesquisa de ovos e larvas de helmintos e cistos de protozoários. O material foi avaliado conforme suas características morfológicas através da análise microscópica do sedimento, por quatro observadores. A média de idade foi de 5,6 anos (± 1,1), sendo 51,9% crianças do gênero feminino. A prevalência de parasitoses foi de 11,4% e os protozoários prevalentes foram Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana e Entamoeba coli. Verificou-se que 69,6% das casas possuíam abastecimento de água tratada; 65,8% possuíam rede de esgoto; 85,0% consumiam água filtrada, mineral ou clorada em casa; e 92,5% declararam lavar as mãos antes das refeições e após usar o banheiro. A prevalência de parasitoses nas crianças participantes do estudo foi considerada baixa e os protozoários encontrados foram Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana e Entamoeba coli. Apesar da baixa prevalência encontrada, estudos parasitológicos são considerados de extrema importância para o conhecimento das condições de saúde da população, visando a implementação de ações de educação, orientação em saúde e prevenção.

The enteroparasitoses are relevant causes of health damage, being frequent mainly in children of school age. Basic sanitation, hygiene and socioeconomic level are determining factors for the transmission of intestinal parasitoses. The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitoses in school - age children, to characterize the socioeconomic and housing profile of the population and to analyze the profile of parasites in the municipality of Rio Preto/MG. Descriptive and cross - sectional study analyzed samples from 79 children aged 4 to 7 years old at a municipal school in Rio Preto/MG. Fecal samples were collected by Paratest ® Formalin 5 for egg and helminth larvae and protozoan cysts. The material was evaluated according to its morphological characteristics through the microscopic analysis of the sediment by four observers. The mean age was 5.6 years (± 1.1), of which 51.9% were female. The prevalence of parasitoses was 11.4% and the prevalent protozoa were Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli. It was verified that 69.6% of the houses had a supply of treated water; 65.8% had a sewage network; 85.0% consumed filtered, mineral or chlorinated water at home; and 92.5% reported washing hands before meals and after using the toilet. The prevalence of parasitoses in the children participating in the study was considered low and the protozoa found were Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli. Despite the low prevalence found, parasitological studies are considered of extreme importance for the knowledge of the health conditions of the population, aiming at the implementation of education, health guidance and prevention actions.

Construção e caracterização de uma molécula recombinante híbrida (disintegrina/fosfolipase D) e avaliação de sua atividade biológica / Construction and characterization of a hybrid recombinant molecule (disintegrin / phospholipase D) and evaluation of its biological activity

The phospholipases D (PLDs) of the venom of the spider Loxosceles gaucho are the main toxins responsible for the observed effects in the poisoning. These toxins can exert a high hydrolytic activity on sphingomyelins, releasing ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) and cyclic phosphates (cPA). cPA affects numerous cellular functions, including inhibition of tumor cell invasion and metastasis. This feature could be interesting for biotechnological use, however, PLDs promote strong platelet aggregation. On the other hand, the disintegrins present in Viperidae venom venoms can inhibit platelet aggregation and can bind to tumor cells because of their ability to interact with the highly expressed integrins (αvβ3) in these cells. Thus, a fusion of a snake disintegrin with a spider PLD may be an interesting option to eliminate unwanted platelet aggregation caused by PLD, and further act as a toxin carrier for tumor cells. Thus, in order to exploit the antitumor potential of a L. gaucho PLD called LgRec1 and the particularity of an E. carinatus snake disintegrin called Echistatin to bind to tumor cells, we designed a hybrid toxin composed by the fusion of these two molecules which was called Rechistatin. This sequence was cloned into the pAE vector and transformed into BL21 (DE3) bacterium for protein expression, which was then purified by IMAC. Mass spectrometry and circular dichroism analyzed the molecular mass and secondary structure of the hybrid molecule, respectively. Platelet aggregation was measured by aggregometry assay. The cytotoxicity of Rechistatin was analyzed in tumor cells. The results showed that the hybrid molecule was cloned and successfully expressed in the soluble form. Rechistatin showed an expected band size of 38 kDa as confirmed by mass spectrometry. Circular dichroism revealed an expected pattern of conformation. Fusion of Echistatin to LgRec1 was effective to abolish the aggregation properties of LgRec1 PLD and ELISA tests on cells showed that Echistatin was efficient in directing LgRec1 to tumor cells U87-MG and RD. Additionally, the results showed that Rechistatin exerts cytotoxicity on U87-MG and RD cells. Taken together, these results indicate that the fusion of Echistatin with LgRec1 did not impair the biological activity of the chimeric toxin and was effective in abolishing the strong platelet aggregation of LgRec1. In addition, Echistatin was efficient in delivery LgRec1 to tumor cells, promoting cytotoxic activity.

As fosfolipases D (FLDs) do veneno da aranha Loxosceles gaucho são as principais toxinas responsáveis pelos efeitos observados no envenenamento. Estas toxinas podem exercer uma elevada atividade hidrolítica em esfingomielinas, liberando ceramida 1-fosfato (C1P) e fosfatos cíclicos (cPA). O cPA afeta numerosas funções celulares, incluindo a inibição da invasão de células tumorais e metástases. Esta caracteristica poderia ser interessante para utilização biotenológica, no entanto, FLDs promovem forte agregação plaquetária. Por outro lado, as disintegrinas presentes nos venenos de serpentes Viperidae são capazes de inibir a agregação plaquetária e podem se ligar às células tumorais devido à sua capacidade de interagir com as integrinas (αvβ3) altamente expressas nestas células. Assim, a fusão de uma disintegrina de serpente com uma FLD de aranha pode ser uma abordagem interessante para eliminar a agregação plaquetária indesejada provocada pela FLD, e ainda funcionar como uma carreadora desta toxina para células tumorais. Desta forma, visando explorar o potencial antitumoral de uma FLD de L. gaucho denominada LgRec1 e a particularidade de uma disintegrina de serpente E. carinatus denominada Echistatina de se ligar as células tumorais, realizamos a construção de uma toxina híbrida composta pela fusão dessas duas moléculas que foi denominada de Rechistatina. Esta sequência foi clonada no vector pAE e transformada em bactéria BL21 (DE3) para expressão proteica, que foi então purificada por IMAC. A massa molecular e a estrutura secundária da molécula híbrida foram analisadas por espectrometria de massas e dicroísmo circular, respectivamente. A agregação plaquetária foi medida por ensaio de agregometria, e a citotoxicidade da Rechistatina foi analisada em células tumorais. Os resultados mostraram que a molécula híbrida foi clonada e expressa com êxito na forma solúvel. A Rechistatina mostrou uma massa esperada de 38 kDa como confirmado por espectrometria de massa. O dicroísmo circular revelou um padrão de conformação esperado. A fusão de Echistatin a LgRec1 foi eficaz para abolir as propriedades de agregação da FLD LgRec1 e testes de ELISA em células mostraram que a Echistatina foi eficiente em direcionar a LgRec1 à celulas tumorais U87-MG e RD. Adicionalmente, os resultados mostraram que a Rechistatina exerce citotoxicidade nas células U87-MG e RD dose dependente. Em conjunto, estes resultados indicam que a fusão de Echistatina com LgRec1 não prejudicou a atividade biológica da toxina quimérica e foi eficaz para abolir a forte agregação plaquetária da LgRec1. Além disso, a Echistatina foi eficiente em direcionar a LgRec1 às células tumorias, promovendo atividade citotóxica.

Common Deletion (CD) in mitochondrial DNA of irradiated rat heart.

The purpose of this study was to map the common deletion (CD) area in mtDNA and investigate the levels of this deletion in irradiated heart. The assays were developed in male Wistar rats that were irradiated with three different single doses (5, 10 or 15 Gy) delivered directly to the heart and the analyses were performed at various times post-irradiation (3, 15 or 120 days). The CDs area were sequenced and the CD quantified by real-time PCR. Our study demonstrated that the CD levels progressively decreased from the 3rd until the 15th day after irradiation, and then increased thereafter. Additionally, it was observed that the levels of CD are modulated differently according to the different categories of doses (moderate and high). This study demonstrated an immediate response to ionizing radiation, measured by the presence of mutations in the CD area and a decrease in the CD levels.

Estudo dos efeitos da radioterapia no tecido cardíaco e sua associação com o metabolismo energético / Study of the effects of radiation therapy in cardiac tissue and its association with energy metabolism

Durante o tratamento radioterápico para tumores localizados na região torácica, parte do coração frequentemente é incluída no campo de tratamento e pode receber doses de radiação ionizante, significativas em relação à terapêutica. A irradiação do coração é capaz de causar importantes complicações cardíacas ao paciente, caracterizadas por alterações funcionais progressivas cerca de 10 a 20 anos após a exposição do órgão. Devido ao seu alto grau de contração e grande consumo energético, o tecido cardíaco é altamente dependente do metabolismo oxidativo que ocorre nas mitocôndrias. Danos as estas organelas podem levar ao decréscimo da produção de energia, tendo um impacto direto sobre a performance cardíaca. Ainda, ao interagir com as células, a radiação ionizante pode gerar uma série de eventos bioquímicos que conduzem a uma resposta celular complexa, em que muitas proteínas parecem estar envolvidas. Tendo em vista tais conhecimentos, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o aspecto ultraestrutural do tecido cardíaco, a bioenergética mitocondrial e a expressão diferencial de proteínas após irradiação. Os ensaios foram realizados em amostras de tecido cardíaco de ratos Wistar irradiados com dose única de 20 Gy direcionada ao coração. As análise tiveram início 4 e 32 semanas após irradiação. A análise ultraestrutural foi realizada através de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A respiração mitocondrial foi mensurada em oxígrafo, a partir das taxas de consumo de oxigênio pelas fibras cardíacas. A identificação de proteínas diferencialmente expressas foi investigada através de duas técnicas proteômicas: 2D-DIGE (2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis) e uma abordagem label-free seguida de espectrometria de massas. Os resultados mostraram que os efeitos tardios da radiação incluem a degeneração das mitocôndrias e das unidades contráteis do tecido cardíaco, disfunções na cadeia respiratória mitocondrial e expressão diferencial de proteínas...

During radiotherapy for tumors located at toracic region, part of the heart is often included in the treatment field and may receive a significant ionizing radiation dose comparing to the therapeutics. Heart irradiation is able to cause substantial cardiac complications to patient, characterized by functional progressive changes from 10 to 20 years after the exposure of the organ. Because of its high level of contraction and large energetic consumption, cardiac tissue is highly depending on oxidative metabolism which happens at mitochondrias. Damage to these organelles can lead to decreased energy production, having a direct impact on cardiac performance. Even when interacting with cells, ionizing radiation can generate a series of biochemical events that lead to a complex cellular response, in many proteins seem to be involved. Given this knowledge, the aim of the study was to evaluate the ultrastructural appearance of cardiac tissue, mitochondrial bioenergetics and differential expression of proteins after irradiation. The tests were performed on samples of cardiac tissue of rats irradiated with single dose of 20 Gy directed to the heart. The analysis started 4 to 32 weeks after irradiation. The ultrastructural analysis was performed by transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial respiration was measured in oxigraph from rates of oxygen consumption by cardiac fibers. The identification of differentially expressed proteins was investigated using two proteomic techniques: 2D-DIGE (2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis) and a label-free approach followed by mass spectrometry. The results showed that the late effects of radiation include degeneration of mitochondria and contractile units of cardiac tissue, dysfunction in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and differential expression of proteins involved in energy metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and phosphocreatine. In general, the study showed that the cardiac irradiation damages...

[Kidney transplantation in HIV infected patients]. / Transplante renal em pacientes infectados pelo HIV.

This review presents current considerations for renal transplantation in HIV patients. In the last decade, with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has significantly improved, showing a marked decrease in the rates of morbidity and mortality in this population. In this setting, the number of HIV-positive patients with end stage chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis is progressively growing. Kidney transplantation, previously considered as absolute contraindication for HIV-infected patients is currently, in the HAART era, considered a possible treatment alternative. Concerns for the effects of immunosuppressive drugs in these patients and the possible effects on progression of HIV disease, in addition to the risk of opportunistic infections and cancer development are widely discussed. Clinical experience in the HAART era shows that use of immunosuppressive drugs does not adversely affect HIV-seropositive patients. Furthermore, several transplant centers have reported improved patient and graft outcomes for kidney transplant recipients infected with HIV. In summary, results obtained so far are encouraging, supporting that renal transplantation, following specific selection criteria, can be considered an alternative of renal replacement therapy in HIV-infected patients.

Transplante renal em pacientes infectados pelo HIV / Kidney transplantation in HIV infected patients

Este artigo de revisão tem como objetivo apresentar as principais considerações sobre o transplante renal em pacientes HIV positivos. Na última década, com o advento da terapia antirretroviral de alta atividade (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy - HAART), a evolução dos pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (Human Immunodeficiency Virus - HIV) mudou significativamente, com uma acentuada diminuição das taxas de morbimortalidade nesta população. Neste contexto, o número de pacientes HIV positivos com doença renal crônica com necessidade de terapia dialítica vem aumentando progressivamente. Diante desta nova realidade, o transplante renal, antes considerado uma contraindicação absoluta para tais pacientes, passou a ser considerado uma alternativa de terapia substitutiva da função renal. Questões sobre o uso de imunossupressores neste grupo de pacientes e sua possível ação aumentando a replicação do HIV, além do risco de infecções oportunistas e de desenvolvimento de neoplasias, são amplamente discutidas. Porém, a experiência clínica nessa área mostra que a utilização dessas drogas para pacientes soropositivos parece ser segura, inclusive com relatos de ação antirretroviral de algumas das drogas imunossupressoras. Apesar disso, ainda hoje existem poucos relatos de transplantes nesta população. Em resumo, os dados da literatura sugerem que o transplante renal, seguindo critérios de seleção dos pacientes, parece ser uma alternativa segura como terapia de substituição renal em pacientes HIV positivos.

This review presents current considerations for renal transplantation in HIV patients. In the last decade, with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has significantly improved, showing a marked decrease in the rates of morbidity and mortality in this population. In this setting, the number of HIV-positive patients with end stage chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis is progressively growing. Kidney transplantation, previously considered as absolute contraindication for HIV-infected patients is currently, in the HAART era, considered a possible treatment alternative. Concerns for the effects of immunosuppressive drugs in these patients and the possible effects on progression of HIV disease, in addition to the risk of opportunistic infections and cancer development are widely discussed. Clinical experience in the HAART era shows that use of immunosuppressive drugs does not adversely affect HIV-seropositive patients. Furthermore, several transplant centers have reported improved patient and graft outcomes for kidney transplant recipients infected with HIV. In summary, results obtained so far are encouraging, supporting that renal transplantation, following specific selection criteria, can be considered an alternative of renal replacement therapy in HIV-infected patients.

Odontoma em pacientes infantis: relatos de casos / Odontoma in pediatric patients: case reports

Dentre os tumores odontogênicos benignos da maxila que acomete os pacientes infantis, destaca-se o odontoma. Este, geralmente encontrado na maxila em sua porção anterior, tem como causa principal a impactação de dentes permanentes e aumento do volume local. Abordamos neste estudo sua etiologia, conseqüências clínicas, diagnóstico, plano de tratamento, técnica e oportunidade cirúrgica através de relato de dois casos clínicos.