[A case of Norwegian scabies in a female patient with hypoparathyroidism]. / Sluchai norvezhskoi chesotki u bol'noi gipoparatireozom.

For the first time in Soviet and foreign literature the authors describe a girl suffering from hypoparathyrosis developing Norwegian scabies. Since all family members have contracted condition, a conclusion on its high contagiosity is made.

[Involvement of fingernails in scabies in an infant]. / Porazhenie nogtevykh plastinok pri chesotke u grudnogo rebenka.

An infant of 10 months, suffering from scabies, has developed multiple involvements of the nail plates on the hands and feet, with detachment of some of them. A diagnostic error has promoted the dissemination of the process. The patient has been etiologically cured by a 10% water/soap suspension of benzyl-benzoate.

[Effect of tuberculin and levamisole on the immune response after vaccinating calves against para-influenza and Salmonella infections]. / Vliianie na tuberkulina i levamizola vurkhu imunniia otgovor pri vaktsinatsiia na teleta sreshtu parainfluenchna i salmonelna infektsiia.

Studied was the effect of tuberculin and levamizole on the immune response following vaccination of calves against parainfluenza and Salmonella infections. It was found that in calves that had colostrum antibodies against parainfluenza the immunogenic stimulation with the two agents first led to a drop of the total protein and of the antibody titer of the blood serum; in later periods the antibody titer grew severalfold. The stimulation with tuberculin and levamizole in the case of Salmonella infection substantiated more abrupt humoral immune response as against the case of animals that were not stimulated. More effective was the stimulation when lemvamizole was applied on the 7th day following vaccination. It was established that both tuberculin and levamizole stimulated the phagocytic activity of the blood of calves vaccinated against a parainfluenza virus and did not influence essentially the same activity in calves vaccinated against Salmonella infection. The amount of erythrocyte-rosette forming cells (E-POK) also remained visibly unchanged by the effect of tuberculin and levamizole with the use of the two vaccines.

[Viral and bacterial shedding in calves raised under commercial conditions]. / Viruso- i bakterioizluchitelstvo pri teleta, otglezhdani pri promishleni usloviia.

Etiological, clinical, and epizootiological studies were carried out with newborn calves on two cow complexes of 500 animals each, raised under industrial conditions. Virologic and bacteriologic investigations of a total of 300 fecal samples taken from both calves and dams on the day of calving up to the 10th day as well as on the 20th and 30th day revealed that in 90 per cent of the cases there were rotaviruses. With calves that remained with the cows up to the 72nd hour 30 to 50 per cent of the rotaviruses were found from the second to the tenth day, and with calves that were separated from their dams immediately after calving rotaviruses were found at more advanced age too. Bacteriologically, as many as 92 strains of Escherichia coli were established as isolated from the fecal samples studied. Antigen K99 was demonstrated with 3.26 per cent of the strains. It was concluded that both with regard to the numbers of the E. coli strains isolated and to the period during which these were found the bacterium prevailed in calves that did not suck directly from their dams in the first days following calving.

[Attenuated vaccine against rota- and coronavirus enteritis in calves]. / Atenuirana vaksina sreshtu rota- i koronavirusnite enteriti po teletata.

Tested was the effect of the Bulgarian attenuated vaccine of rota- and corona-viruses 'PoKo-81', via treatment of dry and freshly calved cows (injected into the udder) and newborn calves (peritoneal injection). It was found that calves fed three times daily on milk obtained from cows that had had intramammary injections did not develop clinical signs of a disease following experimental infection with rota- and corona-viruses. When the cows on infected farms were treated in the same way the disease in calves, offered immune milk, dropped to 36 per cent as against calves of unvaccinated cows, with which morbidity ran as high as 85 per cent. Calves vaccinated via the peritoneum did not fall ill after infection with rota- and corona-viruses on the 6th day following vaccination. In experiments on 18 infected farms morbidity among control, unvaccinated calves was 76 per cent, and mortality--6.8 per cent. With vaccinated calves on the same farms morbidity dropped to 44 per cent, and mortality--to 2.5 per cent. The duration of diarrhea in the vaccinated calves was radically lowered. Discussed is the possibility to enhance the protective effect of the vaccine.

[Participation of coronaviruses in the etiology of respiratory diseases in calves]. / Uchastie na koronavirusi v etiologiiata na respiratornite zaboliavaniia po teletata.

Studied was the Bovine corona virus as taking part in the epizootiology of respiratory diseases in calves. On 4 out of the 7 investigated farms there was a rise of the antibodies against the virus. Two strains were isolated from 2 diseased calves, using tissue culture of trachea. They were the III 213/81 and III 214/81 strains and were identified as bovine corona viruses. Test calves experimentally infected via the trachea with the III 214/81 strain responded with a slight and transient rise of body temperature and a slight cough. The virus was reisolated from the nasal discharge of 3 diseased calves as well as from the feces of one affected calf. The direct immunofluorescence method was employed to establish cytoplasmic fluorescence between the 4th and the 8 h day of infection. The immune response observed with the infected animals confirmed the development of the corona-virus infection. The clinical observations with calves on both the farms with spontaneous infections and those with experimentally induced infections showed that the bovine corona virus could not cause a strongly manifested respiratory disease.

[Virological and bacteriological research on the etiology of gastroenteritis in newborn calves]. / Virusologichni i bakteriologichni prouchvaniia vurkhu etiologiiata na gastroenteritite po novorodenite teleta.

Virologic and bacteriologic studies were carried out of samples taken from calves with clinical gastroenteritis and from calves that died at the age of 2 to 10 days. A total of 199 samples were investigated of calves on 48 cattle-breeding farms. In 69 of the cases (34.2 per cent) strains of Escherichia coli were isolated, prevailing being those of the O8, O9, O15, O21, O26, O55, and O78 serogroups. Three of the strains isolated from fecal samples of clinically affected calves possessed the K99 antigen. The indirect immunosorbent method was employed, with 113 samples (56.8 per cent) identifying rotaviruses, and via the indirect immunofluorescence method in 26.6 per cent of the post mortem samples the virus of the mucosal disease was identified. On individual farms with records of the disease most often mixed infections of E. coli and rotaviruses were found. In order to organize effective prophylaxis and control complex bacteriologic and virologic investigations should be carried out with higher number of clinical and post mortem samples.

[Isolation of adenoviruses from calves with bronchopneumonia]. / Izolatsiia na adenovirusi ot bronkhopnevmonichni teleta.

The virologic investigation of clinical and pathological material from calves affected with a respiratory disease at the age of 30 days to 10 months on 16 infected stock-breeding farms led to the isolation of two virus strains (D-117 and Ch-216) on primary cell cultures of fetal calf kidney from the nasal discharge of two 8-month-old calves. By their cytopathic changes, physico-chemical properties and the presence of a group-specific antigen they were said to belong to the adenovirus family. The results of the cross virus-neutralization test pointed to the assumption that they had to be referred to the bovine adenovirus type 1. Discussed is the problem concerning the participation and the importance of individual types of adenoviruses in the acute respiratory enzootics of grown-up calves.

[Evaluation of the specificity of skin allergy tests in cattle with IBR-IPV]. / Prouchvaniia vurkhu spetsifichnostta na kozhnoalergichnata reaktsiia pri zarazniia rinotrakheit-zarazniia pustulozen vulvovaginit po govedata.

An allergic and serologic investigation was carried out by the skin allergic test (SAT) and the virus neutralization test (VNT) to demonstrate the presence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis -- infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR-IPV) in cattle divided into three groups according to age, treated with the live attenuated vaccine MK25 against Aujeszky's disease. It was found that this vaccine induced the production of specific antibodies against the virus of IBR-IPV, which could be demonstrated through VNT (beta-variant) in low titers (2-2.5 log10), while through VNT (alfa-variant) no specific antibodies could be found. On the other hand, the virus of Aujeszky's disease did not usually lead or on very rare occasions (massive virus doses and continuous antigenic challenge) led to allergization of the body of cattle for IBR-IPV as well as to a positive SAT. Out of a total of 30 investigated calves only one proved positive by SAT, and 2 others were suspected of being carriers of infection. The problem is discussed of the specificity of SAT and its diagnostic value in IBR-IPV under some epizootiologic circumstances.

[Adenovirus infections of cattle]. / Vurkhu adenovirusnite infektsii po govedata.

Results are given of studies on the adenoviral infections in cattle in the region of Southeast Bulgaria. Serologic methods were used to elucidate some moments of the enzootic process and the part played by bovine adenoviruses in the etiology of the respiratory diseases of calves. Demonstrated was the participation of adenovirus strains of group II. It was established that the technologic moments influence the course of the adenoviral enzootics. A successful attempt was made to uncode the type picture and the circulation of types 1, 2, 3, and 8 adenoviruses within the cattle herds. The method of direct immunofluorescence was successfully employed in the diagnostics of adenoviral diseases in calves when alive. Demonstrated was also the presence of specific skin supersensitivity in cattle infected with adenoviruses. Data are given on the specificity of the reaction, the quality and standardization of the allergen, the age-associated dynamics of the process, etc.

[Timing of sensitization and appearance of skin allergic reaction in infectious bovine rhinotracheitis--infectious pustular vulvovaginitis]. / Prouchvaniia vurkhu sroka na alergizirane na organizma i poiavata na kozhnoalergichna reaktsiia pri zarazniia rinotrakheit--zarazniia pustulozen vulvovaginit po goveda.

Allergic and serologic investigations were carried out on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis--infectious pustular vulvovaginitis with cattle artificially and spontaneously affected with the causative agent of the disease as well as with cattle that were treated with a live attenuated vaccine. It was found that in the case of experimental infection the allergization of the body and the positive skin allergic reaction set in as early as the 7th day of the disease while in the case of vaccination they developed two weeks later. In the course of a natural development of the disease (spontaneous abortions) allergization likewise set in more rapidly than in animals that were vaccinated. In all three groups of cattle the results of the serologic investigation corresponded in general terms to those obtained by the skin allergic reaction. Discussed are the factors that substantiate the differences in the time of allergization of the body and the development of a positive skin reaction.

[Part played by bovine adenoviruses in calf diseases]. / Uchatie na govezhdite adenovirusi v zaboliavaniiata po teletata.

Parallel investigations were carried out on twice obtained blood serum samples (at 15-20 day intervals) from a total of 176 affected calves, exhibiting a respiratory syndrome on 20 cattle breeding farms, with the use of the immunodiffusion test with antigens obtained from prototypic strains of B-10 and Misk/67 bovine adenoviruses (1st serotype for 1st subgroup and 8h serotype for 2nd subgroup). In 16 out of 20 recorded enzootics adenoviruses participated in a varying degree in the etiology of the disease. In 23.28 per cent of the diseases calves there were newly appearing antibodies against the group-specific adenovirus antigens. In 14.20 per cent of the animals the antibodies were against 1st antigen subgroup, and in 9.03 per cent of them the antibodies were against the antigen of the 2nd subgroup. In 6 of the enzootics the relative share of adenoviruses was shown to be considerable (up to 40 per cent), and in 11 of them their participation was only partial.

[Allergic skin reaction in cattle to inactivated adenovirus allergens]. / Kozhno-alergichna reaktsiia u goveda sreshtu inaktivirani adenovirusni alergeni.

Comparative investigations were carried out of the skin allergic reaction in cattle infected with adenoviruses, using purified proteins and unpurified homologous allergens. All calves and cows that responded positively in the skin allergic test were shown to yield equal results, i.e. the allergic response with the use of the first type allergens coincided with that obtained with the other type, however, at the site of injecting the semipurified allergens the reaction was more strongly expressed. At visual reading the edema was well limited, projecting and better seen. There were certain age-associated differences in the developmental dynamics of the skin allergic reaction. The more advanced the age of cattle the higher the specific supersensitivity. On the base of results obtained in comparative investigations with a view to practically employing the test it is suggested to use semipurified adenoviral allergens.

[Delayed skin sensitivity in cattle against adenovirus antigen]. / Kozhna chuvstvitelnost ot zabaven tip pri goveda sreshtu adenovirusen antigen.

An investigation was carried out concerning the allergic sensitivity of a delayed type with cows infected with adenoviruses. The experiments were made on 30 heads of cattle between the age of 3 and 6, 3 out of which by intradermal injecting of concentrated adenoviral antigen with serotype 1 in a quantity 0.2 cm3 into the neck, whereas on the opposite side an applied control antigen was used. The results were accounted for visually through palpation and measuring of the thickness of the skin fold before the experiment and 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after the injection. As a positive skin allergic reaction was adopted that one during which a swelling was noticed in the spot of the injected antigen from a distance and through palpation it proved tempered and sore, whereas the difference in thickness of the skin fold before the experiment and 48 hours after the injection of the antigen was over 2.5 mm. With 17 cows out of the 30 treated cows changes were found proving a positive allergic reaction with a most pronounced character in the 48th hour. On the spot of application of the control antigen there were no data of a positive reaction. A certain parallelism was proved. A conclusion was drawn out that the skin allergy reaction could be used for a herd diagnosis of adenoviral infections with cows.

[Immunofluorescent diagnosis of bovine adenoviruses]. / Immunofluorestsentna diagnostika na govezhdite adenovirusi.

By applying the direct immunofluorescent method, a study was carried out on the appearance and accumulation of adenoviral antigen in cattle, in infected cellular cultures from the testes of calves and in epithelial cell obtained by smearing with nasal mucosa and conjunctiva of experimentally infected and spontaneously taken ill with adenoviral infection calves. A specific conjugate was obtained by the writers of the present study. In the cultures from calf testes, the earliest viral antigen was proved 36 hours after the infection in the form of a finely granulated nuclear fluorescence with a yellow-green colour. The highest quantity of fluorescent cells was observed after 72 hours. A specific nuclear fluorescence was observed as early as on the sixth day after the infection in the nasal mucosa of experimentally infected calves. An adenoviral antigen was detected on the tenth day in 30% of the cells, and in separate fields of vision the number of fluorescent cells predominated over the negative ones. During the next days the intensity of the nuclear fluorescence diminished, whereas in the cells obtained by smearing on the eighteenth and twenty fourth days of the infection of calves, it was no longer observed. No adenoviral antigen was proved in the first preparations produced from spontaneously ill calves. Such was proved after a second taking of nasal and conjunctival samples six days later. A conclusion was drawn that the immunofluorescent direct method allows the identification of an adenoviral antigen in cells of the epithelium of the upper respiratory routes during the first days of calves infected with adenoviruses.

[Allergic skin reaction in infectious rhinotracheitis and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in cattle]. / Prouchvane na kozhno-alergichnata reaktsiia pri zarazniia rinotrakheit i zarazniia pustulozen vulvovaginit po govedata.

Through a skin-allergic reaction were subjected to a study cattle of different ages (calves-sucklings, growing calves and grown up calves), originating from 4 different from the epizootic point of view cow-farms--one latent focus, two foci with an apparent infection and one cow-farm in good health conditions. On the healthy cow-farm the skin-allergic reaction and the virus neutralizing reaction were not marked. On the farms affected with latent infection and with manifestation of abortions with cows, the skin-allergic reaction with calves till the age of 3 months was negative, whereas the virus neutralizing reaction was usually positive; with the calves at the age of about 6 months the skin-allergic reaction began slightly to become positive. The virus neutralizing reaction was also positive. With the grown up animals both reactions were positive. In the development of recently brought clinical infection among the calves, without affecting their mothers, both reactions were negative with newly born calves, whereas from the second month onward, they began to become positive.

[Age-related dynamics of adenovirus antibodies in calves]. / Vuzrastova dinamika na protivolela u teleta sreshtu adenovirusi.

Experiments were carried out on calves from 3 cattle-breeding farms, failing to fight respiratory disorders, aged 10-120 days, in order to prove the participation of cattle adenoviruses in the etiology of the illness. Age susceptibility, as well as the dynamics of passive and active antibodies in young calves against adenoviruses were studied with regard to technology of their breeding. It was proved that the persistence of antiadenoviral antibodies of colostral origin was determined within the limits of 4-8 weeks, whereas the infection of the young and growing calves with adenoviruses took place most frequently within the limits of 2-16 weeks after their birth and this process is greatly influenced by the regime of breeding. An earlier grouping of calves (8-10 days after their birth) advances age susceptibility, and conversely. The regrouping of calves from unsuccessful farms at the age of 20 days led to a later manifestation of adenoviral disease in the group. In the blood serum of calves from one farm were proved virus neutralizing antibodies, corresponding simultaneously to cattle adenoviruses serotypes 3 and 8, as well as precipitating ones against group specific antigens from I and II adenoviral subgroups. It was proved that 40-50% of the growing calves suffer from adenoviral infection.

[Vaccination of broilers against Newcastle disease by aerosol methods]. / Prouchvaniia vurkhu vaktsinatsiiata na broileri sreshtu psevdochuma po aerozolnite metodi.

Tested was broiler immunization against Newcastle disease with live vaccines Hitchner B1 and La Sota after the spray method with particles of 50--100 micron and by aerosols with particles of 17--20 microns. Vaccinations were made under experiment and production conditions with chickens aged 5, 10 and 15 days. Vaccination of 5 and 10-day-old chickens was not always successful which necessitated their revaccinations. It was found that spray reimmunization with Flocks or aerosol one with Atomist enhance antibody titre and resistance degree sufficiently for prophylactic purposes. The aerosol method is more efficacious than the spray method; under production conditions it is more effective and readily applicable. Single immunization of 15-day-old chickens after both methods is effective and increases chicken immunity to the end of the fattening period.