Association between periodontal disease and prostate-specific antigen levels in chronic prostatitis patients.

BACKGROUND: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an inflammatory marker produced by the epithelial cells of the prostate acini. In the presence of inflammation or malignancy of the prostate, PSA levels are > or = 4 ng/ml. This preliminary study was conducted to evaluate any association between periodontitis and PSA levels in chronic prostatitis patients. METHODS: Thirty-five subjects who underwent prostate biopsy because of abnormal findings on digital rectal examination or elevated PSA (> or = 4 ng/ml) participated in the study. Plaque and gingival indices, bleeding on probing, probing depth, and clinical attachment level (CAL) were determined. Two-sided independent sample t tests assessed any significant differences in the PSA levels between and among the groups of prostatitis and periodontitis. RESULTS: Mean PSA levels were significantly higher (P = 0.04) in subjects with moderate/severe prostate inflammation than those with none/mild (8.8 +/- 5.8 versus 5.7 +/- 3.1 ng/ml). Subjects with CAL > or = 2.7 mm had higher but not statistically significant PSA levels than those with CAL <2.7 mm (7.7 +/- 5.2 versus 5.7 +/- 3.2 ng/ml), respectively. Individuals having both moderate/severe prostatitis and CAL > or = 2.7 mm (10.8 +/- 7 ng/ml) had significantly higher mean PSA levels (P = 0.05) than those with neither condition (5.6 +/- 3.7 ng/ml) nor only CAL > or = 2.7 mm (5.7 +/- 2.4 ng/ml) or moderate/severe prostatitis (6 +/- 1.9 ng/ml). CONCLUSION: Subjects having comorbidity of CAL > or = 2.7 mm and moderate/severe prostatitis have higher PSA levels than those with either condition alone.

Virtual reality distraction for pain control during periodontal scaling and root planing procedures.

BACKGROUND: Although pain management during periodontal treatment usually is achieved with anesthesia, alternative methods are available. The authors conducted a study to evaluate the analgesic effect of immersive virtual reality (VR) during periodontal scaling and root planing (SRP) procedures. METHODS: The authors recruited 38 patients. They used a within-patient/split-mouth design. Patients received SRP under three treatment conditions in three quadrants. The three conditions were control, watching a movie and VR. After each SRP procedure, patients responded to questions about their discomfort and/or pain by using a visual analog scale (VAS) (range, 0 to 10 in which lower numbers indicate less pain or discomfort). The authors also recorded patients' blood pressure (BP) and pulse rate (PR). Patients were asked which of the three treatment modalities they preferred. RESULTS: The mean (+/- standard deviation) VAS scores for five questions pertaining to control, movie and VR were 3.95 +/- 2.1, 2.57 +/- 1.8 and 1.76 +/- 1.4, respectively. Paired t tests revealed that VAS scores were significantly lower during VR compared with the movie (P <.001) and control (P <.001) conditions. Similarly, BP and PR were lowest during VR, followed by the movie and control conditions. Patients reported that they preferred the VR condition. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that use of immersive VR distraction may be an effective method of pain control during SRP procedures. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Practitioners can use immersive VR distraction for pain control during SRP procedures.