[The laterocranial fascia structures in the upper and forearm and the differences in the insertion of the M. biceps brachii in domestic mammals]. / Die laterokranialen Faszienstrukturen am Ober- und Unterarm sowie Unterschiede im Ansatz des M. biceps brachii bei Haussäugetieren.

The laterocranial fascia of the upper arm and forearm, as well as aponeurotic relationships of the Musculus biceps brachii were investigated on each of ten forelimbs from horses, cattle and swine. Ten canine biceps were also investigated. Equine and bovine fascia contain elastic components. An as-yet undescribed ligament-like aponeuroses of the laterocranial forearm fascia to the Fossa radialis humeri was seen in all three species studied. The laterocranial fascia of the upper and forearm form a common passage for the Musculi brachialis et extensor carpi radialis. In the case of the horse, the ulnar aponeurotic tendon of the biceps muscle crosses below the Ligamentum collaterale cubiti medialis. In cattle, on the other hand, it runs between the two branches of the collateral ligament, to attach on the olecranon. This portion of the equine tendon protrudes into the joint. It has connective tissue character in young animals, but becomes fibrocartilaginous in older horses. The radial aponeuroses of the canine biceps exhibits two branches. A situation similar to that seen for the ulnar aponeuroses of the equine Musculus biceps brachii is observed on the inside surface of the porcine Ligamentum cubiti mediale, in which a wedge of connective tissue protrudes into the joint, taking on fibrocartilaginous character in older animals.

Metabolism of free fatty acids (FA) and triacylglycerol (TG) in acute and subacute fluoride intoxication of the rat.

In rats acute intoxication with 100 mg sodium fluoride/kg body wt. orally has the following metabolic consequences. Oxygen consumption is reduced by about 30-50%. Plasma free FA decrease in fed as well as in starved rats. Hepatic FA synthesis is enhanced, but TG secretion to the blood is not altered. Intravenously injected Intralipid 20% is removed at a normal rate. In subacute intoxication (30 mg sodium fluoride/kg body wt given orally per day over 1 week) oxygen consumption is not affected. TG secretion and removal of Intralipid remain in the normal range whereas hepatic FA synthesis is increased as in acute intoxication. TG concentration in the liver, however, increases by about 30% after 1 week.

[Enzyme histochemistry of the pig placenta. III. Histotopics of enzymes in the uterine epithelium]. / Enzymhistochemische Untersuchungen an der Schweineplacenta. III. Histotopik von Enzymen im Uterindrüsenepithel.

Within the uterine glands, the following enzymes were demonstrated by histochemical methods after 30, 58, 80, 100, and 110 d of pregnancy, respectively: beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-mannosidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, esterases, cytochrome oxidase, 5-nucleotidase, leucine aminopeptidase, adenosine triphosphatase, diaphorases (NADH, NADPH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADP), beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD-glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADP), lactate dehydrogenase. The results show that the activities of G-6-PDH, 6-PGDH, and cytochrome oxidase increase within secreting cells during the 2nd half of pregnancy. The activities of the other enzymes remained almost unchanged during the period of investigation. The description of our results distinguishes between gland neck, middle, and distal part of the secretory unit, respectively. In general, the enzyme activities are similar within the middle and distal gland segments, but lower in the epithelia of the neck region. The activity of dehydrogenases was medium to intensive within the middle and distal gland segments, but only low to medium within the neck portion. Of the hydrolases, the acid phosphatase, ATPase, leucine aminopeptidase, and beta-galactosidase demonstrated an intensive activity within activity secreting cells. The enzyme activities of the gland epithelia are compared with these of the uterine surface epithelia and the histochemical results are discussed in context with their significance in histiotrophic nutrition.

[Enzyme-histochemical studies of the pig placenta. II. Histotopics of enzymes in the areolar placenta epithelium]. / Enzymhistochemische Untersuchungen an der Schweineplacenta. II. Histotopik von Enzymen in den areolären Placentaepithelien.

In porcine areolar placental epithelia, the following enzymes were demonstrated by histochemical methods after 30, 58, 80, 100, and 110 d of pregnancy, respectively: beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-mannosidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, nonspecific esterases, cytochrome oxidase, 5-nucleotidase, leucine aminopeptidase, adenosine triphosphatase, diaphorases (NADH, NADPH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADP), beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD-glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADP), lactate dehydrogenase. The results show that the enzyme activities remained almost unchanged during the period of investigation. Of the dehydrogenases, the diaphorases as well as succinate and lactate dehydrogenase demonstrated generally an intensive activity within the epithelia. The activity of the other dehydrogenases was only low. The activity of unspecific esterase was very intensive within the uterine epithelia but remarkably low within chorionic epithelia. Contrarily, the reaction of adenosine triphosphatase was more intensive within chorionic than uterine epithelia. All investigated glucosidases reacted distinctly positive within chorionic epithelia, but only beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase and beta-galactosidase in uterine epithelia. The high activity of acid phosphatase, especially within the chorionic epithelium, seems to be connected with uteroferrin, an iron-binding protein. The histochemical results are discussed in context with the function of the areolae in histiotrophic nutrition and iron transport.

[Enzyme histochemical studies of the swine placenta. Histoptics of enzymes in interareolar placental epithelia]. / Enzymhistochemische Untersuchungen an der Schweineplacenta. I. Histotopik von Enzymen in den interareolären Placenta-Epithelien.

In porcine interareolar placental epithelia, the following enzymes were demonstrated by histochemical methods after 30, 58, 80, 100, and 110 d of pregnancy, respectively: beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-mannosidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, nonspecific esterases, cytochrome oxidase, 5-nucleotidase, leucine aminopeptidase, adenosine triphosphatase, diaphorases (NADH, NADPH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADP), beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD-glycero-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD, NADP), lactate dehydrogenase. The results show that most of the enzyme activities remained almost unchanged during the period of investigation. Only G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH activities increased within the uterine epithelium and nonspecific esterase activity within uterine as well as chorionic epithelia during the 2nd half of pregnancy. Within chorionic and uterine epithelia, hydrolases but not dehydrogenases demonstrated a higher activity at the bases of chorionic villi as compared to the apices and flanks of the latter. The action and influence of the demonstrated enzymes on metabolism, energy transfer, secretory, and resorptive activities of chorionic and uterine epithelia are discussed.

The placenta of the pig. II. The ultrastructure of the areolae.

The ultrastructure of the areolae in the porcine placenta is described. The areolae occur on day 30 of pregnancy as dome-shaped formation over the openings of the uterine glands. The lumen of the areolae is filled with the secretions of the uterine glands, the so-called histiotroph. The areolae lining epithelium is high collumnar, possessing long microvilli, a well-developed apical tubular system and numerous coated vesicles. This indicates that the epithelium has a high absorptive capacity. Our histochemical investigations reveal a high content of glycoproteins within the areolar lumen. The importance of one of the glycoprotein components of the histiotroph, uteroferrin, is discussed in connection with iron transfer from mother to the fetus.

[Localization of beta-n-acetylhexosaminidase in stallion epididymis (author's transl)]. / Untersuchungen über die Verteilung der beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase im Nebenhoden des Hengstes.

The localization of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity in 6 different segments of the epididymis was investigated in 8 stallions using biochemical and histochemical methods. The highest enzyme activity was found in segment D while the other segments displayed a much weaker reaction There was no or only low enzyme activity present in the epididymal fluid of the proximal 3 segments, whereas it was high in the distal 3 segments. The biological function of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase in the epididymis is discussed briefly.

The placenta of the pig. I. Finestructural changes of the placental barrier during pregnancy.

The finestructural changes of the interareolar porcine placenta during pregnancy are described. After perfusion fixation of the placenta the change in the thickness of the placental barrier from day 30 to day 110 of gestation is much more evident than after immerson fixation as has been used by all former authors. The alterations are due to the indentation of both the trophoblast and uterine epithelium by their corresponding capillary-network. This indentation is limited to the lateral wall and the summit of the chorionic ridges, while at the base the trophoblast as well as the uterine epithelium remains high columnar. This indicates that in the interareolar porcine placenta, which is represented by the chorionic ridges and the corresponding endometrial folds, at least two different areas with different structure and function may be discerned. 1) The lateral side and the top of the chorionic ridges seem to be predestinated for gaseous exchange. The placental barrier in this area is often less than 2 micrometers. 2) The transport of blood-borne nutrients takes place at the base of the chorionic ridges. This transport seems to be facilitated by an intercellular channel system between the uterine epithelial cells.

Histochemical localization of glycosidases in dog epididymis.

The histochemical localization of five glycosidases was studied in the epididymis of mature dogs. beta-Galactosidase showed a distinct to strong reaction in the epithelium of the ductuli efferentes and throughout the whole length of the ductus epididymidis. beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase reactivity was weak in the initial segment, but increased significantly in the middle and terminal segment. The maximum beta-glucuronidase activity was found in the ductuli efferentes and in the initial segment. The alpha-mannosidase reaction was weak in all segments except the middle segment where a distinct activity was seen. With the method employed, no alpha-fucosidase activity could be detected. The physiological role of the glycosidases in the epididymis is discussed briefly.

[Histological localization of hydrolases in the epididymis of the dog]. / Zur Histotopik von Hydrolasen im Nebenhoden des Hundes.

Localization and activity of five hydrolases (alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase and leucylamino-peptidase) were evaluated histochemically in the epididymides of mature dogs. In the ductuli efferentes, cilia and apical parts of the epithelial cells displayed high activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase. Strong activity of acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase and leucylamino-peptidase was present in the basal and supranuclear zones of the epithelium of the ductuli efferentes. Stereocilia of all three segments of the ductus epididymidis showed a high activity of alkaline phosphatase. Positive adenosine triphosphatase reaction was confined to the stereocilia of the initial segment. A complex pattern of acid phosphatase activity was observed in the middle segment. The subdivision of the middle segment in four subsegments was therefore suggested. In the epithelium of the initial segment only a few nonspecific esterase-positive cells were seen. The infranuclear and basal areas of the epithelium in the middle segment and the supranuclear zone of the terminal segment displayed distinct nonspecific esterase activity. The possible contribution of the hydrolases to the function of the epididymis is discussed.

[Enzyme histochemical studies on the epithelium of the epididymis of the tomcat (author's transl)]. / Enzymhistochemische Untersuchungen am Nebenhodenepithel des Katers.

The histochemical localization of some oxidoreductases was investigated in the epididymides of adult tomcats. Succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase revealed their highest activity in corpus and cauda epididymidis whereas glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase was strongest in the caput. The activity of the diaphorases and of cytochrome oxidase in the epididymal epithelium increased from caput towards the cauda epididymidis. The reaction for isocitrate dehydrogenase was distinct throughout the whole length of the ductus epididymidis. Our findings were compared with the biochemical results of other authors and the functions of the oxidoreductases in the epididymal epithelium were briefly discussed.

[Histotopics of lysosomal enzymes in the epididymis of the tom-cat (author's transl)]. / Histotopik lysosomaler Enzyme im Nebenhoden des Katers.

The histochemical localization of 6 lysosomal enzymes was studied in the epididymis of adult tomcats. A weak to distinct reaction for acid phosphatase, leucyl-amino-peptidase and non--specific esterase could be observed in the epithelium of the ductus epididymidis in all three segments. Among the glycosidases, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase displayed the strongest activity. alpha-man and alpha-fuc could not be demonstrated. For N-Acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-Galactosidase, acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase, an increase of enzyme activity from the initial segment towards the terminal segment was seen. Intracellularly, the maximum of enzyme activity of those four enzymes was supranuclear. This histochemically enstablished pattern of enzyme activity in the epididymis of the tomcat was compared with those of other mammals. The possible functions of enzymes in the epididymis was briefly discussed.

A histochemical study of glycosidases in benign prostatic hyperplasia and in prostatic carcinoma in the human.

In benign hyperplasia marked beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity was seen in the prostatic epithelium whereas the reactions for 5 other glycosidases were only slight or negative. The intensity of the reaction for the glycosidases in prostatic carcinoma was dependent upon the degree of the differentiation. The possible importance of glycosidases for the invasiveness of prostatic carcinoma is briefly discussed.

[Histotopography of glycosidases in the accessory glands of the boar before and after castration]. / Histotopik von Glykosidasen in den akzessorischen Geschlechtsdrüsen des Ebers vor und nach Kastration.

The histochemical distribution of six glycosidases (N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-galactosidase, alpha-mannosidase and alpha-fucosidase) was investigated in the prostate, glandula vesicularis and glandula bulbourethralis of castrated and non-castrated adult boars. The functions of the glycosidases in the male accessory sex glands of the boar and their androgen dependence are discussed briefly.

[Histotopic of glycosidases in the oviduct of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) (author's transl)]. / Histotopik von Glykosidasen im Eileiter der Wachtel (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

The activities of 6 glycosidases (n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-galactosidase, alpha-fucosidase and alpha-mannosidase) in the oviduct of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were studied with histochemical methods. Alpha-galactosidase and alpha-fucosidase showed a weak to moderate activity in the surface epithelium and in most of the glands of the oviduct. A Distinct reactivity of beta-glucuronidase was observed in the surface epithelium of the whole oviduct and in the glands of the uterovaginal-region. A moderate to distinct reactivity of n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase cound be demonstrated in the epithelium and in the glands of all regions of the oviduct. The comparatively highest activity of this enzyme was found in the glands of the magnum and in the surface epithelium of the uterus. The possible functions of the glycosidases in the oviduct are discussed briefly.