Traumatic Birth Experience and Breastfeeding Ineffectiveness - a Literature Review.

Background: A traumatic birth experience can affect the breastfeeding process and make it ineffective. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with breastfeeding ineffectiveness after birth trauma, through the world literature. There are several factors responsible for a traumatic birth experience, such as obstetric violence, postpartum complications and complications induced by doctors, invasive vaginal deliveries, emergency caesarean sections, admission of a neonate to the Neonatal Intensive Unit, past traumatic life events and mental health problems. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with breastfeeding ineffectiveness after birth trauma, through the world literature. Methods: An extended search was conducted to identify relevant for breastfeeding and traumatic birth experiences manuscripts for this study. Databases including PubMed, PsycINFO and Google Scholar. The search was limited to articles published in English the last decade. Results: Factors that contribute to the ineffectiveness of breastfeeding after a traumatic birth are hormonal, medication, insufficient support from the partner, reliving the traumatic birth experience, past traumatic experiences in the woman's life and her mental state. Conclusion: The mental trauma during childbirth is complex and multifactorial. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures on the one hand to prevent mental trauma during childbirth and on the other hand to make interventions to deal with the consequences of the trauma on the mental health of the mother and on breastfeeding which is directly affected.

Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Preeclampsia in Pregnancy: A Case Report.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) refers to a clinical autoimmune syndrome characterized by arterial or venous thrombosis and pregnancy morbidities, such as fetal loss after the 10th week of gestation, recurrent miscarriages, or intrauterine growth restriction. This study describes a case of preeclampsia in a 37-year-old primiparous woman in the 30th week of pregnancy with a lack of prior thrombotic history. The birth of a dead neonate and the findings of placenta thrombosis raised the suspicion of APS, which was confirmed by the finding of antibodies. A description of the treatment, which is still under investigation, follows. In our case, tissue sections were stained followed by observation. Various placental changes were detected with the presence of placental intravascular thrombi. The most important finding of this case study is the presence of severe preeclampsia in the setting of APS, with no previous medical history. In conclusion, antiphospholipid syndrome can be directly related to preeclampsia during pregnancy, leading to complications that may be preventable if immediate medical intervention is available.