Anatomical Variations of the Sinonasal Area and Their Clinical Impact on Sinus Pathology: A Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction Anatomical variations of the nasal cavity and of the paranasal sinuses are frequently encountered and play an important role in dysfunctional drainage of sinuses. However, it is not clear in the literature whether they predispose to sinus pathology. Objectives The aim of the present review is to summarize the understanding of the association between anatomical variations of the sinonasal area and sinus pathology. Data Synthesis The present review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We performedathorough research on PubMed from October2004 until May 2020 byusing the search terms paranasal sinus anatomical variations and sinus disease, sinusitis, and mucosal disease. Thirty studies were eligible and were included in the analysis. Overall, the studies encompassed a total of 6,999 patients included in the present review. In many studies, it has been statistically established that certain anatomical variations increase the risk of sinus disease. On the other hand, the rest of the collected studies failed to show any statistically significant correlation between anatomical variants and sinus pathology. Conclusion The present study highlights the possible correlation between some anatomical variations of the sinonasal area and pathologies of the paranasal sinuses. Careful assessment and computed tomography (CT) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis is needed, especially in those undergoing endoscopic surgery, to identify and treat anatomical variations in the paranasal sinuses that may be correlated with rhinosinusitis. Due to contradictory results in the literature, further research is needed to elucidate the effects of anatomical variants of the sinonasal area.

Anatomical Variations of the Sinonasal Area and Their Clinical Impact on Sinus Pathology: A Systematic Review.

Introduction Anatomical variations of the nasal cavity and of the paranasal sinuses are frequently encountered and play an important role in dysfunctional drainage of sinuses. However, it is not clear in the literature whether they predispose to sinus pathology. Objectives The aim of the present review is to summarize the understanding of the association between anatomical variations of the sinonasal area and sinus pathology. Data Synthesis The present review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We performed a thorough research on PubMed from October 2004 until May 2020 by using the search terms paranasal sinus anatomical variations and sinus disease , sinusitis , and mucosal disease . Thirty studies were eligible and were included in the analysis. Overall, the studies encompassed a total of 6,999 patients included in the present review. In many studies, it has been statistically established that certain anatomical variations increase the risk of sinus disease. On the other hand, the rest of the collected studies failed to show any statistically significant correlation between anatomical variants and sinus pathology. Conclusion The present study highlights the possible correlation between some anatomical variations of the sinonasal area and pathologies of the paranasal sinuses. Careful assessment and computed tomography (CT) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis is needed, especially in those undergoing endoscopic surgery, to identify and treat anatomical variations in the paranasal sinuses that may be correlated with rhinosinusitis. Due to contradictory results in the literature, further research is needed to elucidate the effects of anatomical variants of the sinonasal area.

The Impact of Vascular Loops in the Cerebellopontine Angle on Audio-Vestibular Symptoms: A Systematic Review.

It has been suggested that vascular loops in the cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory canal are involved in the etiology of audio-vestibular symptoms. Several studies have focused on the compression of the eighth cranial nerve by vascular loops but have yielded contradictory results regarding their clinical significance. The aim of this study was to investigate whether vascular loops in this region correlate with audio-vestibular symptoms and which loop features - if any - can potentially lead to symptom manifestation. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. We performed on PubMed a literature search from November 2005 to October 2020. The search strategy included the following keywords ("vascular loops" OR "AICA loops" OR "vascular compression syndrome") AND ("hearing loss" OR "tinnitus" OR "vertigo"). Fifteen studies were eligible and included in the analysis. Overall, the studies encompassed a total of 11,788 patients included in this review. The significantly larger group of patients (70%), in which no correlation of symptoms with vascular loops was found, suggests that vascular loops are probably anatomic variations in a substantial majority of cases with an uncommon subset causing some audio-vestibular symptoms. Even within the papers claiming a correlation, there is a multitude of symptoms that did not correlate with vascular loops. It has been suggested by most authors that magnetic resonance imaging should be performed to exclude the role of a vascular loop in the etiology of audio-vestibular symptoms only when vascular compression syndrome is suspected based on clinical indications and not routinely. Further studies would be useful in order to detail the relationship between the vascular structures and the nervous system.

A Case of SARS-CoV-2 Clinical Relapse after 4 Negative RT-PCR Tests in Greece: Recurrence or Reinfection?

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is the greatest public health concern of the year 2020. There are several worldwide reports of patients who have managed to recover from SARS-CoV-2 infection with negative PCR test results, that for unknown reasons convert back to positive PCR. We report a case of a patient in our hospital who developed positive PCR test results for SARS-CoV-2, after 4 consecutive results that were negative, along with a full-blown clinical syndrome of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Thyroid Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Thyroid dysfunction, both hypo- and hyperthyroidism, has been associated with cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between thyroid dysfunction and atherosclerosis measured mostly by carotid intima-media thickness, as well as discuss whether L-T4 replacement is able to reverse or slow down the progression of atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The review was conducted according the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We performed on PubMed a literature search from May 2004 to January 2020, using the search terms 'subclinical hypothyroidism' or 'thyroid disorders' and 'carotid artery', 'carotid intima-media thickness (IMT)', 'levothyroxine', and 'atherosclerosis'. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were eligible and included in the analysis. Overall, the studies encompassed a total of 36.434 patients included in this review. Most studies indicated a proportional correlation between IMT and thyroid dysfunction. Levothyroxine (L-T4) replacement led to significant decrease of IMT after 1 year in most studies. CONCLUSION: Most studies have concluded that thyroid dysfunction is associated with arterial wall remodeling and, thus, with increased cardiovascular risk. However, the exact mechanistic background of pathological structural changes in the arterial wall is still unsettled. Large randomized controlled studies are required to definitively address the extent to which T4 replacement therapy might benefit patients with subclinical thyroid disorders.

Myasthenia gravis and stroke in the setting of giant cell arteritis.

This case report concerns the diagnosis of two independent chronic diseases in a patient hospitalized for stroke, myasthenia gravis (MG) and giant cell arteritis (GCA). MG has been found to be associated with several diseases, but there are very few cases documenting its coexistence with GCA. We report the case of a 79-year-old woman initially hospitalized for stroke. Patient's concurrent symptoms of blepharoptosis, dysphagia, and proximal muscle weakness were strongly suggestive of myasthenia gravis. The persistent low-grade fever and elevated inflammatory markers in combination with the visual deterioration that developed also raised the suspicion of GCA. Histological examination confirmed GCA, while muscle acetylcholine receptor antibodies were also present. Even though in medicine one strives to interpret a patient's symptoms with one diagnosis, when one entity cannot fully interpret the clinical and laboratory findings, clinicians must consider the possibility of a second coexisting illness.

Alterations of baroreflex sensitivity after carotid endarterectomy according to the preoperative carotid plaque echogenicity.

OBJECTIVE: Baroreflex sensitivity is lower in patients with echogenic carotid plaques compared with patients with echolucent ones. The purpose of our study was to compare the baroreflex function after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) between patients with different plaque echogenicity. METHOD: Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (sBRS), heart rate, and systolic and diastolic arterial pressure were calculated in 51 patients with a severe carotid stenosis (70%-99%) 24 hours before CEA, as well as 24 and 48 hours after CEA. Carotid plaque echogenicity was graded from 1 to 4 according to Gray-Weale classification, after duplex examination, and the patients were divided into two groups: the echolucent (grade 1 or 2) and the echogenic (grade 3 or 4). RESULTS: The postoperative mean systolic arterial pressure values in all 51 patients at 24 and 48 hours (143.2 and 135.5 mm Hg, respectively) were found to be significantly increased compared with the preoperative value (132.5 mm Hg; x2=32, P<.001). Mean sBRS value, in all patients, was significantly reduced postoperatively to 2.1 ms mm Hg(-1), from the mean preoperative value, 3.7 ms mm Hg(-1), independently of plaque echogenicity. Twenty patients (39%) were included in the echolucent group and 31 (61%) in the echogenic. The two groups had significant differences in two parameters: the rate of diabetes mellitus and the rate of symptomatic plaques. After adjusting the two groups for these differences, we found that the preoperative difference in sBRS between the two groups (F[1,51]=11, P<.003) was eliminated 24 and 48 hours after CEA (F[1,51]=.007, P<.9 and F[1,51]=.4, P<.5 for 24 and 48 hours, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Before the removal of carotid atheroma, baroreflex sensitivity, which is a well established cardiovascular risk factor, seems to be affected by carotid plaque echogenicity. However, CEA has as a result a similar baroreflex response in all patients, regardless of plaque echogenicity, implying no association of plaque morphology and postoperative baroreflex sensitivity.

The role of carotid plaque echogenicity in baroreflex sensitivity.

OBJECTIVE: The baroreflex sensitivity is impaired in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. The purpose of our study was to assess the impact of carotid plaque echogenicity on the baroreflex function in patients with significant carotid atherosclerosis, who have not undergone carotid surgery. METHOD: Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (sBRS) was estimated in 45 patients with at least a severe carotid stenosis (70%-99%). sBRS calculation was performed noninvasively, with the spontaneous sequence method, based on indirectly estimated central blood pressures from radial recordings. This method failed in three patients due to poor-quality recordings, and eventually 42 patients were evaluated. After carotid duplex examination, carotid plaque echogenicity was graded from 1 to 4 according to Gray-Weale classification and the patients were divided into two groups: the echolucent group (grades 1 and 2) and the echogenic group (grades 3 and 4). RESULTS: Sixteen patients (38%) and 26 patients (62%) were included in the echolucent and echogenic group, respectively. Diabetes mellitus was observed more frequently among echolucent plaques (χ(2) = 8.0; P < .004), while those plaques were also more commonly symptomatic compared with echogenic atheromas (χ(2) = 8.5; P < .003). Systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, and heart rate were similar in the two groups. Nevertheless, the mean value of baroreflex sensitivity was found to be significantly lower in the echogenic group (2.96 ms/mm Hg) compared with the echolucent one (5.0 ms/mm Hg), (F [1, 42] = 10.1; P < .003). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that echogenic plaques are associated with reduced baroreflex function compared with echolucent ones. Further investigation is warranted to define whether such an sBRS impairment could be responsible for cardiovascular morbidity associated with echogenic plaques.

An atypical presentation of visceral leishmaniasis infection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine, implicated in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, as well as in the immune-mediated response to infection, especially against intracellular pathogens. TNF-alpha antagonists have represented a revolution in the management of connective tissue diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, the use of these agents has been implicated with the emergence of a growing number of opportunistic infections. Here we report the case of a visceral Leishmaniasis in a 77-year-old woman who had been previously treated for rheumatoid arthritis with infliximab. The atypical presentation of this patient, previously treated with an anti-TNF-alpha biologic agent, where no splenomegaly or hepatomegaly was identified, is emphasized.

Minilaparotomy abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in the era of minimally invasive vascular surgery: preliminary results.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the early post-operative clinical impact of minimal incision aortic surgery (MIAS) for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair in comparison with the standard open repair. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted. Patients of groups A (19 patients) and B (18 patients) were treated with the MIAS technique and the standard open method, respectively. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the two groups in fluid resuscitation during the operation. Post-operatively, there were significant differences between groups A and B in the time until starting liquid diet (2 +/- 0.74 versus 3.55 +/- 0.85 post-operative days (PD), respectively; P < 0.05), the time until starting the solid diet (3.05 +/- 0.77 versus 5.11 +/- 0.75 PD, respectively; P < 0.05), the time of ambulation (2 +/- 0.74 versus 3.4 +/- 0.98 PD, respectively; P < 0.05) and in the hospital length of stay (4 +/- 0.81 versus 9.7 +/- 2.66 days, respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The MIAS technique, for repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms, is a safe and feasible procedure that combines the early advantages of endovascular repair with the long-term advantages of the traditional open repair.

Acute painless monocular visual loss due to central retinal artery occlusion in a patient with Churg-Strauss vasculitis.

Ocular involvement in Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is infrequent. We describe a case of a 50-year-old woman, with blood eosinophilia, involvement of the respiratory tract, skin, and peripheral nervous system, fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology criteria for CSS, who presented with left foot drop followed by left acute painless visual loss. Central retinal artery occlusion was diagnosed by fundoscopic findings (retinal whitening with a cherry-red spot). CSS was confirmed by sural nerve biopsy. Despite treatment with high-dose corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, and anticoagulant therapy, visual acuity was not substantially improved. Acute blindness in CSS has been rarely described. Even more rarely, central retinal artery occlusion has been found to be the underlying cause of this infrequent clinical manifestation in CSS.

Baroreflex sensitivity in obesity: relationship with cardiac autonomic nervous system activity.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), assessed by indirect measurement of aortic pressure, is blunted in obesity. Additionally, the potential effect of cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, aortic compliance, and metabolic parameters on BRS of obese subjects was investigated. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A group of 30 women with BMI>30 kg/m2 and a group of 30 controls with BMI<25 kg/m2 were examined. BRS was estimated by the sequence technique, cardiac ANS activity by short-term spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), and aortic compliance by the method of applanation tonometry. RESULTS: BRS was lower in obese women (9.18+/-3.77 vs. 19.63+/-9.16 ms/mm Hg, p<0.001). The median values (interquartile range) of the power of both the high-frequency and low-frequency components of the HRV were higher in the lean than in the obese participants [1079.2 (202.7 to 1716.9) vs. 224.1 (72.7 to 539.6) msec2, p=0.001 and 411.8 (199.3 to 798.0) vs. 235.8 (99.4 to 424.5) msec2, p=0.01 respectively]. Low-to-high-frequency ratio values were higher in the obese subjects [0.82 (0.47 to 2.1) vs. 0.57 (0.28 to 0.89), p=0.02]. Aortic augmentation values were not significantly different between lean and obese subjects. Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant and independent association between BRS and age (p=0.003), BMI (p<0.001), and high-frequency power of HRV (p<0.001). These variables explained 72% of the variation of BRS values. DISCUSSION: BRS is severely reduced in obese subjects. BMI, age, and the parasympathetic nervous system activity are the main determinants of BRS. Baroreflex behavior is of clinical relevance because an attenuated BRS represents a negative prognostic factor in cardiovascular diseases, which are common in obesity.

Surgical management of extracranial internal carotid aneurysms by cervical approach.

BACKGROUND: Extracranial internal carotid artery aneurysms (EICAA) are rare vascular problems with a great potential for lethal thromboembolic episodes. METHODS: From 1994 to 2004, nine patients with EICAA, seven men and two women, were surgically treated for 10 aneurysms in our department. Aneurysm led to hemispheric symptoms in six cases (two hemispheric strokes and four hemispheric transient ischaemic attacks). The cause was fibrodysplasia in two cases, atherosclerosis in four cases, trauma in two cases and spontaneous dissection in two cases. All aneurysms were treated surgically by the cervical approach using shunting. Extended cervical approach was necessary in four patients with high-lying aneurysms. Nine aneurysms were totally resected and successful revascularization was carried out. Open aneurysmorrhaphy with vein patch angioplasty was carried out in one case of a saccular aneurysm. RESULTS: There were no perioperative deaths or transient ischaemic attacks or strokes. Four patients developed cranial nerve deficits: one had hoarsness, two had partial facial paralysis (patients with extended cervical approach) and one had tongue deviation. These neurological symptoms were observed in large aneurysms (>4.5 cm) and disappeared within 14 months. No neurological complication was observed in a follow up that ranged from 6 months to 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical repair of EICAA, especially with total resection and arterial reconstruction, is strongly recommended. Extended cervical approach has many technical difficulties but can allow treatment of high-lying aneurysms.

Baroreflex function: determinants in healthy subjects and disturbances in diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Arterial baroreceptors play an important role in the short-term regulation of arterial pressure, by reflex chronotropic effect on the heart and by reflex regulation of sympathetic outflow. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) represents an index of arterial baroreceptors function. Several methods of measuring BRS are available nowadays. Different factors influence BRS in the healthy population, including sex, age, blood pressure, heart rate, body fatness, arterial stiffness, blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as physical activity. Baroreceptors dysfunction is evident in diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity. The underlying mechanism of BRS attenuation in diabetes or obesity is not yet well known; however, there is increasing evidence that it is at least partly related to autonomic nervous system dysfunction and particularly to sympathetic overactivity that accompanies these diseases. Blunted BRS provides prognostic information for cardiovascular diseases and possibly for diabetes, while its' prognostic information for obesity is not yet established. This review deals with the mechanisms affecting baroreflex function, the newer techniques of BRS estimation and the most recent insights of baroreflex function in the healthy population and in various diseases with emphasis on diabetes and obesity. In addition, the clinical implication of a reduced BRS in these disorders is discussed.