[Plasma lipid concentration in smoking and nonsmoking male adults treated from alcohol addiction]. / Zmiany profilu lipidowego w osoczu mezczyzn o róznym statusie palenia tytoniu leczonych z powodu uzaleznienia od alkoholu.

Alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking affect plasma lipid levels and are both independent risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Alcohol and nicotine addictions are more common among man than women in Poland. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in plasma lipid levels after cessation of heavy drinking in smoking and nonsmoking Polish male adults. Subjects were recruited from individuals who participated in an inpatient addiction program following alcohol detoxification. We recruited 119 male adults: 48 non-smokers in age between 31 and 60 years (mean 48.7 +/- 8.8) and 71 smokers in age between 30 and 60 years (mean 46.1 +/- 7.8). Each subjects provided three blood samples: at baseline, after 3 weeks, and after 6 weeks of treatment. Plasma samples were analyzed for lipids by manual precipitation and automatic enzymatic methods. Changes in plasma lipid concentrations were analyzed using two-way analysis of variances with repeated measures with smoking status as between subjects factor and time post alcohol cessation as within-subject factors. All analyses were adjusted for age, and BMI. We found that plasma levels of HDL decreased in smoking and nonsmoking subjects by 30% and 24%, respectively (p < 0.001). In smoking subjects, plasma levels of triglycerides and LDL increased significantly after 6 weeks post cessation of heavy drinking cessation by 17% and 16%, respectively (p = 0.001). We also found that total cholesterol levels remained high in smoking subjects, but decreased significantly by 7% (p = 0.022) in nonsmoking subjects after 6 weeks post cessation of heavy drinking. We concluded that cigarette smoking increased LDL and inhibited the decline in plasma cholesterol among subjects addicted to alcohol following cessation of heavy drinking. Alcohol addiction therapy should be complemented with smoking cessation to prevent increase in cardiovascular risk.

[Plasma fibrinogen concentration in smoking and nonsmoking patients treated from alcohol addiction]. / Zmiany stezenia fibrynogenu w osoczu pacjentów o róznym statusie palenia tytoniu leczonych z powodu uzaleznienia od alkoholu.

Cigarette smoking is common among persons addicted to alcohol. Both tobacco smoking and alcohol binge drinking are risk factors of many cardiovascular conditions. The risk of cardiovascular events decreases after alcohol cessation. However little is known about the effect of continues smoking on biomarkers of adverse cardiovascular events among patients treated from alcohol addiction. The aim of the study was to assess fibrinogen changes after alcohol drinking cessation among cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Total of 239 patients treated from alcohol addiction in Addiction Treatment Center (OTU) Parzymiechy, Poland were included in the study. There were total of 39 women: 11 non-smoking women, in the age range of between 31 and 59 years (mean age 47 +/- 9 years) and 28 smoking women in the age range of 31-60 years (mean age 43 +/- 8 years). Among 200 men, there were 150 smokers in the age range of between 30 and 60 years (mean age 44 +/- 8 years) and 50 non-smokers in the age range of 31 and 60 years (mean age 49 +/- 9 years). We found that among non-smoking patients fibrinogen levels remained unchanged three weeks post alcohol cessation (3.42 vs. 3.49 g/l) but after six weeks significantly decreased to the level of 3.09 g/l (p=0.00085). Among smoking patients fibrinogen levels increased after three weeks post alcohol cessation by 7.9% (z 3.41 do 3.68 g/l) and went back to a baseline level of 3.50 g/l. However those changes were not statistically significant. We found that alcohol cessation leads to decrease of fibrinogen levels only among non-smoking patients post alcohol cessation. A risk of cardiovascular diseases seemed to remain elevated among smokers treated from alcohol addiction. There is need for concomitant treatment of tobacco addiction among smoking alcoholics.

[Exposure to respirable suspended particles in smoking and non-smoking sections of pubs in southern Poland]. / Narazenie na pyl respirabilny w pubach poludniowej Polski z wydzielonymi miejscami dla palacych papierosy i niepalacych.

Particulate matter (PM), including fine particulate matter (PM2.5), is one of the main pollutant which it damages of human health seriously. Tobacco smoke is significant source of PM2.5 in indoor microenvironments. New bill of complete smoking ban in all public places in Poland is currently under consideration in polish parliament. Proposed maximum allowed concentration of PM2.5 for all non-smoking sections is 0.03 mg/m3. Concentrations of tobacco-specific fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were monitored in thirteen pubs located in southern part of Poland during winter season. All examined pubs had two types of sections: smoking and non-smoking. PM2.5 concentrations were monitored during one hour in each section using DustTrak monitor (TSI Inc., USA). The Wilcoxon matched pair test was used to compare pollutant concentrations in smoking vs. non-smoking sections. Average 1-hour PM2.5 concentration in smoking sections was 1.25 +/- 1.85 mg/ m3 and varied from 0.18 do 7.21 mg/ m3. Average 1-hour PM2.5 concentration in non-smoking sections was 0.35 +/- 0.29 mg/m3 and varied from 0.056 to 1.01 mg/m3. The highest temporary PM2.5 concentration of 25.5 mg/m3 was found in a pub located in cellar storey were with volume of 60 m3, 13 smokers and no air-condition. There was little difference in PM2.5 levels between smoking and non-smoking section.

[Estimation of optimal levels of tobacco biomarkers to distinguish active and passive smokers using ROC analysis]. / Wykorzystanie krzywych ROC do optymalizowania wartosci granicznych biomarkerów w celu klasyfikacji badanych osób do grupy czynnych lub biernych palaczy.

Many epidemiological studies on health consequences of tobacco smoke exposure require classification of examined subjects either as active or passive smokers. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves are useful for organizing cut-off values of tobacco biomarkers and visualizing their performance. The cut-off values might be applied to distinguish cigarette smokers and persons involuntary exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS). Aim of the study was estimation of optimal levels of three biomarkers (cotinine, 1-hydroxypyren, and carboxyhemoglobin) to distinguish active and passive smokers using ROC curves. 98 subjects (62% females) were qualified to the study. Mean age was 40 +/- 12 years. Active smokers (n = 38) had an average smoking history of 9 +/- 8 years and declared smoking at least 5 cigarettes per day (mean 17 +/- 7). Passive smokers (n = 60) declared being exposed to environmental tobacco smoke either at home or work (n = 18) or other indoor microenvironments, where they spent some time during their daily activity (n = 42). Cut-off values were determined for each biomarker using ROC curves. Optimal cut-off values were: 327 microg/g creatinine for cotinine, 47 ng/g creatinine for hydroxypyren, and 1.27% HbCO for carboxyhemoglobin. Among three studied biomarkers, cotinine showed the best sensitivity of 97.4% and specificity of 90.0%. Carboxyhemoglobin showed sensitivity of 89.5% and specificity of 93.3%, whereas 1-hydroxypyren 76.3% and 78.3%, respectively. Analysis of ROC curves appears to be a way to distinguish active and passive smokers using various tobacco biomarkers.