[Experimental evaluation of Vitaflon grafts in the venous position].

To examine the possibilities of replacing the great veins by Vitaflon grafts, an experimental study was made on 20 dogs. In the first group animals (n=10), a segment of the infrarenal posterior vena cava was replaced under conditions of routine blood flow. In the second group (n=10), an arteriovenous fistula closed after one month was formed on the thigh. The graft patency was checked by ascending phlebography. The observation period varied from 5 days to 11 months. After the animals were taken out of the experiment the grafts were inspected macro- and microscopically. It has been established that under conditions of routine blood flow all Vitaflon grafts were thrombosed for the first week. Acceleration of the flow provided for the patency of 10 grafts. The patent grafts took by means of formation of a connective tissue capsule on the exterior and formation of the neointima on their internal surface. The external capsule from the friable connective tissue emerged on the 2nd week of experiment; after 11 months it appeared as a thin layer of the solid fibrous connective tissue without evidence of inflammation which indicated the high biological inertness of the given type grafts. The neointima was formed from the parietal layer of fibrin organized in the direction from the area of anastomoses to the medium graft portion. No complete was recorded toward the end of experiment.

[The morphofunctional changes in the alveolar epithelium, macrophages and pulmonary surfactant of rats with bleomycin-induced fibrosis]. / Morfofunktsional'nye izmeneniia al'veoliarnogo épiteliia, makrofagov i surfaktanta legkikh u krys pri fibroze, indutsirovannom bleomitsinom.

Interstitial fibrosis was modelled in 100 male rats by means of a single intratracheal administration of bleomycin (0,5 U/100 g of body mass). The stimulation and activation of secretory activity of large (granular) epitheliocytes (alveolocytes of the 2nd type) and alveolar macrophages with maximum alterations were found 3 weeks later, when in the lungs there were numerous foci of interstitial fibrosis. Biochemically, these phenomena were followed by increasing the amount of phospholipids in surfactant (mainly at the expense of phosphatidylcholine) and in membranes of macrophages, which points to interrelation of metabolic processes in the cells, morphologically detected activation of synthesis of surfactant in alveolocytes of the 2nd type and its utilization by alveolar macrophages at the height of the development of bleomycin-induced pneumofibrosis. A supposition has been put forward of a participation of surfactant in the formation of fibrosis.

[The karyometric characteristics of rat lung tissue during prenatal development]. / Kariometricheskaia kharakteristika tkanei legkogo krysy pri prenatal'nom razvitii.

The embryonic histogenesis of tissues of mesenchymal and epithelial origin was studied in the lungs of 150 embryos of the Albino rat (from 10 to 21 days of development) by methods of morphometry. Two phases in the dynamics of the nucleus form factor were established. The first phase (10-14 days) coincides with processes of programming and determination of the cells and is completed by a separation of the muscular, connective and cartilaginous tissues from the common mesenchymal germ. The second phase (16-21 days) is characterized by the divergent development of mesenchymal derivatives and demonstrates processes of cytodifferentiation and specialization of the cells. The appearance of heterogeneity of the cell forms leads to a growth of entropy of tissue anlagen. The restriction of the entropy is achieved by the integration of structures resulting from the formation of the system of correlation connections. Their amount first grows, and when specialization begins it becomes less.

[Effect of chemical sympathectomy on the function of the pulmonary surfactant system in white rats]. / Vliianie khimicheskoi simpatéktomii na sostoianie surfaktantnoi sistemy legkikh belykh krys.

Rats received guanethidine (50 mg/kg) daily during the period from 2 weeks to 3 months to exclude selectively sympathetic irritation in order to study its influence on the phospholipid status of the lung surfactant component. An increase in total phospholipids of lung extracts as well as that of separate fractions of phospholipids especially of phosphatidylcholine was revealed along with a direct interrelationship between the alveoli area and the phosphatidylcholine rate. The alterations in surfactant phospholipids are regarded as a compensatory reaction maintaining alveolar stabilization in the case of sympathectomy.

[Changes in the stromal elements of the sympathetic ganglia in chemical sympathectomy by guanethidine]. / Izmeneniia élementov stromy v simpaticheskikh gangliiakh pri khimicheskoi desimpatizatsii guanetidinom.

As demonstrates histofluorescent, light optic and electron microscopic investigation concerning changes in the connective tissue of the cranial cervical, cervico-thoracic, the 2d and 3d thoracic sympathetic ganglia in white rats under guanethidine effect, there is an outgrowth of the connective tissue stroma of the ganglia and its infiltration with lymphocytes, macrophages and other cells of the leucocytic line with formation of cavities in these zones. The facts described are considered as morphological demonstration of certain autoimmune reactions of the ganglionic stroma, developing in response to certain changes of the antigenic properties of the ganglionic tissue elements under guanethidine effect.

[Structure of the neurons of the sympathetic ganglia in guanethidine chemical sympathectomy]. / Struktura neironov simpaticheskikh gangliev pri khimicheskoi desimpatizatsii guanetidinom.

As demonstrated the investigation of cell composition of the cranial cervical, cervico-thoracic and the 3d thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk in mature Wistar rats under guanethidine chemical sympathectomy, there are intraganglionic reconstructions and changes in the value of the subpopulations of neurocytes in the preserved cell population. Ratio of the neuronal subpopulations studied with various character of changes revealed adaptive-compensatory processes, developing in the course of sympathectomy at the level of population. The ways of realization of the populational and cellular levels of compensation are considered. The wavy character of sympathectomy is thought to reflect integral behavior of the nervous cells subpopulation in the course of development of homeostatic reactions.

[Development of the functionally different ganglia of the human peripheral nervous system during ontogenesis]. / Razvitie funktsional'no razlichnykh uzlov perifericheskoi nervnoi sistemy cheloveka v ontogeneze.

Development of the vagus nerve inferior ganglion, the superior cervical ganglion and the intraorganic ganglia of the respiratory tube (the larynx and lungs) has been studied histologically, histochemically and morphometrically and morphometrically in 52 human embryos and fetuses beginning from the 6th month of embryogenesis up to birth. The main successive changes of differentiating neurocytes are described and heterochronic beginning of differentiation of the sensitive, sympathetic and parasympathetic neural ganglia are demonstrated. A sharp decrease in distribution density of the neural cells during the growth and maturation phase and stabilization of their density during the mature stage are noted. The dynamics of the nuclear-cytoplasmic relations in neurocytes during the prenatal ontogenesis is presented. The neuronal differentiation is considered in connection with the hierarchic setting off the vascular and neural types of the ganglionar trophism during ontogenesis.

[Information analysis of neurocytes of various peripheral ganglia, and critical periods of their differentiation]. / Informatsionnyi analiz neirotsitov nekotorykh perifericheskikh gangliev i kriticheskie periody ikh differentsirovki.

Calculation of the informatory parameters of entropy and redundancy performed, taking as a base nuclear-cytoplasmic relations of neurocytes in the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve, in the superior ganglion and in the interorganic ganglia of the respiratory tube, demonstrated certain interconnection of the integral characteristics obtained with some stages of the neuronal morphological differentiation. Periods of an abrupt reduction in the redundant information up to the minimal values which goes in parallel with an increasing entropy on the 2d-4th months of embryogenesis (taking into account heterochronia in the development of various ganglia) are considered as some critical periods in the neuron development when it passes to the stage of growth (the first critical period) and to the stage of maturation (the second critical period). Their existence is regarded in connection with the hierarchical joining of the vascular and neural trophic types of the vegetative ganglia. A supposition is made on a dependence of the specific neuronal differentiation on the epigenetic factors of morphogenesis.

[Various patterns in the development of the periganglionic vascular bed of respiratory tube ganglia during human embryogenesis]. / Nekotorye zakonomernosti razvitiia periganglionarnogo krovenosnogo rusla gangliev dykhatel'noi trubki v émbriogeneze cheloveka.

The investigation has been performed in 118 serial sections of human embryos. The development of vascular bed in ganglia of the respiratory tube at early embryogenesis has been studied. The main attention has been paid to the formation of periganglial vascular bed. Loop-like and arc-shaped connections between the developing vessels and galglia and rearrangement of periganglial vascular bed during embryogenesis are described. Three stages in the development of blood supply to the ganglia of the respiratory tube are noted: I stage--avascular (embryos are 17-30 mm long); II stage--formation of periganglial vascular bed (embryos are 33-50 mm long); III stage--formation of intraganglial vascular bed (embryos are 55 mm long and more). Within I and II stages, reorganization phases in the vascular bed are described. A suggestion is made that the vascular factor of the development and differentiation of ganglial elements starts acting since the formation of periganglial vascular bed; before this, the mesenchima surrounding the neuronal plexus performs their trophic.