Bacteriolytic Activity Of Human Interleukin-2, Chicken Egg Lysozyme In The Presence Of Potential Effectors.

The bacteriolytic activity of interleukin-2 and chicken egg lysozyme in the presence of various substances has been studied. Glycine and lysine do not affect the activity of interleukin-2 but increase that of lysozyme, showing a bell-shape concentration dependence peaking at 1.5 mM glycine and 18 mM lysine. Arginine and glutamate activate both interleukin-2 and lysozyme with a concentration dependence of the saturation type. Aromatic amino acids have almost no effect on the activity of both interleukin-2 and lysozyme. Aromatic amines, tryptamine, and tyramine activate interleukin-2 but inhibit lysozyme. Peptide antibiotics affect interleukin and lysozyme similarly and exhibit maximum activity in the micromolar range of antibiotics. Taurine has no effect on the activity of interleukin-2 and lysozyme. Mildronate showed no influence on lysozyme, but it activated interleukin-2 with the activity maximum at 3 mM. EDTA activates both interleukin-2 and lysozyme at concentrations above 0.15 mM.

Human Interleukin-2 and Hen Egg White Lysozyme: Screening for Bacteriolytic Activity against Various Bacterial Cells.

The bacteriolytic activity of interleukin-2 and hen egg white lysozyme against 34 different species of microorganisms has been studied. It was found that 6 species of microorganisms are lysed in the presence of interleukin-2. All interleukin-2-sensitive microorganisms belong either to the Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, or the Lactobacillaceae family. It was also found that 12 species of microorganisms are lysed in the presence of lysozyme, and 16 species of microorganisms are lysed in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The bacteriolytic activity of interleukin-2 and lysozyme was studied at various pH values.

[Influence of Different Type of Surfactant on Bacteriolytic Activity of Lysozyme].

The influence ofvarious surfactants (anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS, cationic dodecyltrimethylarnmonium bromide, DTAB, and zwitterionic cocoamidopropylbetaine, CAPB) on the activity of the chicken egg lysozyme is investigated. Lysis of Gram-positive bacteria by the enzyme was carried out at pH 7.2 and ionic strength of 0.15 M. It was found that at low SDS and DTAB concentrations (less than 1 x 10(-5) M) the bacteriolytic activity increases by 30-140%. At higher concentrations (1 x 10(-5) - 1 x 10(4) M) the activity returns to the level observed in the absence of the surfactants. The elevated activity correlated with the formation of hydrophobic lysozyme-surfactant complexes. Introduction of CAPB at concentrations above 1 x 10(-5) M sig, nificantly diminished the bacteriolytic activity due to CAPB induced aggregation of lysozyme.

[Ways of improving of intensive care for victims with severe concomitant injury].

In terms of prognosis of the outcome of traumatic disease as a disease of adaptation particularly significant is a functional component. Updating of options of the course of traumatic disease allow to combine two principles of intensive care such as individual focus and standardization. Innovations of recent years, embedded into the battlefield surgery clinic of Military Medical Academy n. a. S.M.Kirov in tactics and content of intensive care, improved the current situation on the results of treatment of patients with polytrauma.

Laccases from Basidiomycetes: physicochemical characteristics and substrate specificity towards methoxyphenolic compounds.

Laccases from the Basidiomycetes Coriolus hirsutus, Coriolus zonatus, Cerrena maxima, and Coriolisimus fulvocinerea have been isolated and purified to homogeneity and partially characterized. The kinetics of oxidation of different methoxyphenolic compounds by the fungal laccases has been studied. As laccase substrates, such methoxyphenolic compounds as 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamic acid (sinapinic acid), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (ferulic acid), and 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) were used. The stoichiometries of the enzymatic reactions were determined: guaiacol and sinapinic acid are one-electron donors and their oxidation apparently results in the formation of dimers. It was established that kcat/Km, which indicates the effectiveness of catalysis, increases in the series guaiacol, ferulic acid, and sinapinic acid. This fact might be connected with the influence of substituents of the phenolic ring of the substrates. This phenomenon was established for fungal laccases with different physicochemical properties, amino acid composition, and carbohydrate content. This suggests that all fungal laccases possess the same mechanism of interaction between organic substrate electron donors and the copper-containing active site of the enzyme and that this interaction determines the observed values of the kinetic parameters.

[Morphopathology of cerebral arteries in combined cerebral and coronary atherosclerosis]. / Patomorfologiia arterii golovnogo mozga pri sochetannom tserebral'nom i koronarnom ateroskleroze.

Taking into consideration the age-specific and adaptive changes of the vascular wall, pathomorphologic features of cerebral atherosclerosis were revealed in 236 individuals who died of ischemic heart disease and in 17 patients undergone extra-intracarotid microshunting on the basis of the data obtained from pathomorphologic analysis of the great arteries of the brain. There was a statistically significant prevalence of both the size of the area of atherosclerotic lesions and the incidence of stenosis of the great arteries of the brain in individuals with combined atherosclerosis of cerebral and coronary atherosclerosis. Type-specific peculiarities of atherosclerosis in the areas of reduced blood flow in stenosis of extra- and intracranial arteries were determined.

[Comprehensive investigation of hemodynamics in normalcy and in complete transverse blockade]. / Kompleksnoe issledovanie sostoianiia gemodinamiki v norme i pri polnoi poperechnoi blokade.

Acute experiments were conducted on 75 dogs for complex study of central hemodynamics and the pumping and contractile activity of an intact and altered myocardium by means of an automated system of computer treatment of the data of synchronous monitoring suggested by the authors. It is shown that the development of cardiac insufficiency in complete atrioventricular block is determined by deep desynchronism of performance of the parts of the heart, which is characterized by essential changes of the parameters of myocardial working capacity and hemodynamics and by radical shifts in normal correlative relations. The growing deficit of blood supply is compensated for by myocardial hyperfunction: a relatively small (up to 20%) increase of the capacity of the left parts is attended by a more than double increase of the capacity of the right parts.

[The adrenergic regulation of afferent cardiac reactions]. / Adrenergicheskaia reguliatsiia afferentnykh reaktsii serdtsa.

Adrenoreactive structures of the cat heart were studied with the EP technique in normal conditions and in acute damage of the myocardium. The intracardiac adrenergic systems were shown to be able to decrease the myocardium sensory thresholds and thus to aid to an increase in the heart nociceptive sensitivity as well as to take part in the development of intraorganic antinociceptive responses.

[Characteristics of hemodynamics during correction of cardiac arrhythmia]. / Osobennosti gemodinamiki v usloviiakh korrektsii narushenii serdechnogo ritma.

In acute experiments on 25 dogs, the automatic system with computerized processing which had been developed by the authors was used to make complex studies of the central hemodynamics, pumping and contractile functions of the myocardium in the presence of complete transverse block during cardiac pacing. With increased hetero- and homeometric regulation during cardiac pacing, normotopic rhythm desynchronization and stimulation rates were found to produce a substantial effect on cardiac performance. Improved hemodynamics in pacing was attended by overload of the left chambers (by 20-60% above the normal values). It was stressed that the choice of the optimal frequency of cardiac pacing should be associated with a conservative performance regimen for the myocardium to meet the body's demands for adequate blood supply.

Dynamics of reactions of nonspecific and somatic activation during biofeedback training.

In experimental research involving the participation of 17 volunteers, we investigated the dynamics associated with indices of respiration, electromyographic activity of the hand muscles, heart rate, and electroencephalograms during training of voluntary upward and downward regulation of skin resistance and skin temperature. It was demonstrated that development of reactions of nonspecific, generalized activation appearing in the form of respiratory arrhythmia and, in a number of cases, in the form of changes in the frequency of respiration, heart rate, and an intensification of beta-activity were characteristic of the initial stages of the training. In a number of the subjects, we also noted activation of muscle groups in the areas where the sensing elements monitoring the vegetative parameters were attached. The activational reactions extinguished during reinforcement of the skill. The data obtained confirms the hypothesis that the training of adaptive biocontrol is a form of instrumental conditioning.

[Dynamics of the reactions of nonspecific and somatic activation while learning adaptive biocontrol]. / Dinamika reaktsii nespetsificheskoi i somaticheskoi aktivatsii pri obuchenii adaptovnomu bioupravleniiu.

Dynamics of characteristics of respiration, cardiac, muscular and EEG-activities was studied in volunteers during their learning of voluntary control of skin resistance and temperature by means of biological feedback. Initial stage of learning of adaptive biocontrol was connected with involvement of systemic activation reactions, which had similar characteristics during control of various vegetative parameters both at their increase and decrease. The revealed activation shifts represent non-specific reaction characteristic of learning and extinction at gradual specialization and consolidation of control habit. Characteristics of learning dynamics confirmed N. Miller's hypothesis that adaptive biocontrol represents a form of instrumental conditioning. At the same time, the involvement of systemic reactions is not an obligatory condition of adaptive biocontrol learning. This fact confirms the presence of various "individual strategies" of learning and existence of a sufficiently wide spectrum of physiological mechanisms of visceral processes central control which could be included at learning of voluntary control of visceral parameters.

[Effect of adaptive biofeedback on the severity of vestibulo-autonomic symptoms of experimental motion sickness]. / Vliianie adaptivnogo bioupravleniia na vyrazhennost' vestibulovegetativnykh simptomov eksperimental'noi bolezni dvizheniia.

The effect of biofeedback control on motion sickness symptoms was investigated in 27 test subjects with different susceptibility who had been trained to regulate their skin resistance and skin temperature. The efficacy of two schemes was compared: scheme 1 - transfer of controlling abilities, and scheme 2 - application of biofeedback during vestibular stimulation. Use of either scheme inhibited significantly the severity of motion sickness symptoms in moderate susceptibility individuals; in other words, this decreased respiratory arrhythmia, skin galvanic response, heart rate and objective motion sickness manifestations, i.e. nausea, paleness, perspiration. This caused vestibular tolerance to increase by 50% to 150% as compared to the baseline. Biofeedback control proved ineffective in high susceptibility individuals. Scheme 2 was found to be more effective than scheme 1. Biofeedback control of skin resistance had a stronger inhibitory effect than that of skin temperature. These results suggest that the prophylactic effect of biofeedback control is associated with the regulation of a component of the complex autonomic reaction triggered as a single program during motion sickness.