[Aspects of development of surgical service of modem Navy].

The article is devoted to the aspects of a current state of surgical service in the Navy, prospects of development of professianl training for navy surgeons, formation of modern training comlex, united electronic library, containig the issues about combat surgical trauma, software technologies, realizing of the application methodology during the process of training and practical activity for the development of the training system for surgeons of Navy and improvement of effectiveness. Formation of normative technical documents, regulating activity of navy surgians is also among the expectations. The authors also touched on the issues of development of modern technologies in bone grafting with the help of domestic implants based on the osteoinductive nanostructured nonorganic matrices (titanium) with defined structure and composition. Department of navy and hospital surgery participate in this debelopment. Due to increased amount of oncologic patients, it was decided to establish the Cancer Center of the Ministry of Defense based on department of navy and hospital surgery of the Kirov Military Medical Academy. It makes possible to perform the following procedures: canser surgery; surgical repair; plastic repair of major vessels, bone and soft tissue grafting, removal of residual cancer cells with the help of loco-regional methods of hyperthermic intracavitary and intravascular chemoperfusion; diagnostics and treatment of recurrent tumors (surgical and radiation treatment, systemic chemotherapy, loco-regional chemoembolization. Each of the given methods help to develop and improve the innovation technologies.

Localization of neurons innervating the upper portion of the duodenum in the motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.

Using the method of the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase and a microelectrode technique, a population of neurons sending axons to the upper portion of the duodenum was identified in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. It was established that the maximal number of such neurons was located 1.0-2.5 mm rostral to the obex. The effects of their stimulation on the electrical activity of the smooth muscles of the duodenum was studied.

Effects of the electrostimulation of various areas of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus on the electrical activity of the stomach wall.

The effects of the stimulation of various segments of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus on the electrical activity of the wall of the pyloric region of the stomach were studied with the use of microelectrode techniques in acute experiments in cats. It was established that the maximal changes of the parameters of the electromyogram are recorded during the stimulation of the zone of the nucleus 0(-) +1.5 mm rostral to the obex.

[Changes in the electrical activity of the gastric pyloric area during stimulation of the nucleus ambiguus]. / Izmeneniia élektricheskoi aktivnosti piloricheskoi oblasti zheludka pri stimuliatsii dvoinogo iadra.

In anesthetized cats, electrical stimulation of the nucleus ambiguous elicited obvious changes in electrical activity of the pylorus: slow wave frequency decreased, spike potentials either appeared or disappeared depending on stomach wall functional state. Also, the electrical stimulation decelerated the heart rate and decreased arterial blood pressure.

[The localization of neurons innervating the upper portion of the duodenum in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve]. / Lokalizatsiia neironov, innerviruiushchikh verkhniuiu chast' dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki, v dorsal'nom motornom iadre bluzhdaiushchego nerva.

In anesthetized cats, using method of the retrograde transport of the horseradish peroxidase and electrophysiological techniques, the dorsal motor nucleus neurons innervating upper portion of the duodenum were found. Maximal number of such neurons were found within 1.0 to 2.5 mm rostral to the obex. The effects of the neurons stimulation on the electrical activity of the duodenum smooth muscles were studied. Possible role of the dorsal motor nucleus neurons in realisation of gastro-duodenum motor reflexes is discussed.

[The effects of the electrostimulation of different sections of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve on the electrical activity of the stomach wall]. / Effekty élektrostimuliatsii raznykh uchastkov dorsal'nogo motornogo iadra bluzhdaiushchego nerva na élektricheskuiu aktivnost' stenki zheludka.

In anesthetized cats, electrical stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus area within 0(-)+1.5 mm rostral to ohex elicited obvious changes in electrical activity of pylorus. These findings suggest the existence of topically organized parasympathetic preganglionic cell groups within the DMN--"the stomach area", which exert excitatory and inhibitory influences on the stomach smooth muscles.

Influence of glucose on polysensory properties of neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Using the method of intracellular pickup of neuronal activity, a high degree of convergence of impulses of various modalities onto the cells of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus was established in cats immobilized by means of diplacin dichloride. Great similarity was identified in the patterns of responses to somatic, visceral, light, and sound stimuli. With intravenous administration of glucose, 32% of the neurons studied increased their convergent capacity, 19% of the cells increased the frequency of spikes, and 23% changed the phase of the reaction. The excitatory type of reaction predominated in the responses of the cells investigated.

[Effect of glucose on the polysensory properties of neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus]. / Vliianie gliukozy na polisensornye svoistva neironov ventromedial'nogo iadra gipotalamusa.

Extracellular recording of unit activity in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus performed in anesthetized and immobilized cats revealed the convergence of impulses of different modality on these neurons: induced by somatic, visceral and sound stimuli. The capacity of hypothalamic neurons (32%) to converge influences was increased after i.v. administration of 10 ml of 20% glucose solution. The firing rate was increased in 19% cases and the phase of the reaction was reversed in 23% neurons. The main type of the responses involved excitation in all the cells under study.

[Effect of glucose on the convergent properties of neurons of the lateral hypothalamic field of the medial portion of the hypothalamus]. / Vliianie gliukozy na konvergentnye svoistva neironov lateral'nogo gipotalamicheskogo polia srednego otdela gipotalamusa.

In anesthetized cats, extracellular recording of the unit activity revealed a considerable convergence of stimuli of different modality: no difference was observed between patterns of responses to visceral, somatic, visual or sound stimuli. I. v. infusion of glucose reduced the convergence ability in 26% of the neurons under study whereas increasing it in 9.7%. Firing rate was reduced in 24.3%. The data obtained emphasized the effect of glucose on functioning of the cells of lateral part of the hypothalamus.

[Convergence of sensory and cortical inputs on caudate nucleus neurons]. / Konvergentsiia sensornykh i kortikal'nykh vkhodov na neironakh khvostatogo iadra.

The immobilized cats, the influences of 2nd somatosensory and temporal areas on responses of the caudate nucleus' neurons to stimulation of the tibial and splanchnic nerves, were studied. The majority of spontaneously active neurons responded to the cortical stimulation, mainly from the 2nd somatosensory area. Over half of the neurons revealed the "binareal" feature. The typical form of interaction of the cortical and sensory stimuli (with the 50-msec interval between the conditioning and the testing stimuli) was either partial or complete suppression of responses of the caudate neurons both to the somatic and to the visceral stimulation. The results of cortico-sensory interaction were independent of the nature and functional significance of the stimulated cortical areas.

Reflection of visceral afferentiation in unit activity in the caudate nucleus.

Responses of spontaneously active neurons to visceral (splanchnic nerve) stimulation were recorded extracellularly in the head of the caudate nucleus of immobilized cats. The presence of multimodal neurons responding to stimulation of visceral, somatic, and auditory sensory systems in this structure also was established. It is concluded from these facts that neurons of the caudate nucleus may play a role in the mechanisms of interaction of visceral impulses with somatic and auditory impulses.

[Reflection of visceral signals in the impulse activity of the caudate nucleus]. / Otrazhenie vistseral'noi signalizatsii v impul'snoi aktivnosti khvostatogo iadra

Responses of spontaneously active neurons of the caudate nucleus to stimulation of the n. splanchnicus were extracellularly recorded in immobilized cats. Presence of multimodal neurons responding to stimulation of visceral, somatic and auditory sensory systems, was also determined in this structure. The data obtained suggest probable participation of the caudate nucleus' neurons in the mechanisms of interaction between visceral signals and somatic and auditory those.

[Effect of retabolyl on the blood protein composition and outcome of the disease in acute peritonitis]. / Vliianie retabolila na belkovyi sostav krovi i iskhody zabolevaniia pri ostrom peritonite

In 81 patients with acute diffuse peritonitis and in 38 -- with local peritonitis the authors have studied dynamically changes in the content of total protein, protein fractions in the peripheral blood, and also in the albumin -- globulin coefficient. A comparative estimation of disorders in the blood protein content and issues of the disease, depending on the use of an anabolic steroid -- retabolyl, is given. Application of retabolyl in the complex therapy enabled to reduce the number of complications and lethal issues in operated patients with diffuse peritonitis.