Imaging evaluation of a persistent left superior vena cava and its importance in electrophysiologic procedures.

Accurate characterization of thoracic vascular structures is essential to safe, efficient, and successful cardiac electrophysiologic procedures. Here we describe a case of persistent left superior vena cava incidentally discovered during an elective cryoablation of atrial fibrillation procedure to illustrate possible diagnostic modalities to identify vascular abnormalities.