A genome-wide association study for the fatty acid composition of breast meat in an F2 crossbred chicken population.

The composition of fatty acids determines the flavor and quality of meat. Flavor compounds are generated during the cooking process by the decomposition of volatile fatty acids via lipid oxidation. A number of research on candidate genes related to fatty acid content in livestock species have been published. The majority of these studies focused on pigs and cattle; the association between fatty acid composition and meat quality in chickens has rarely been reported. Therefore, this study investigated candidate genes associated with fatty acid composition in chickens. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed on 767 individuals from an F2 crossbred population of Yeonsan Ogye and White Leghorn chickens. The Illumina chicken 60K significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype data and 30 fatty acids (%) in the breast meat of animals slaughtered at 10 weeks of age were analyzed. SNPs were shown to be significant in 15 traits: C10:0, C14:0, C18:0, C18:1n-7, C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6, C20:0, C20:2, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3, C24:0, C24:1n-9, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These SNPs were mostly located on chromosome 10 and around the following genes: ACSS3, BTG1, MCEE, PPARGC1A, ACSL4, ELOVL4, CYB5R4, ME1, and TRPM1. Both oleic acid and arachidonic acid contained the candidate genes: MCEE and TRPM1. These two fatty acids are antagonistic to each other and have been identified as traits that contribute to the production of volatile fatty acids. The results of this study improve our understanding of the genetic mechanisms through which fatty acids in chicken affect the meat flavor.

Compositional Study of Phospholipids from the Dried Big Head and Opossum Shrimp, Mussel, and Sea Cucumber Using 31P NMR Spectroscopy: Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Plasmalogen.

Herein, we present a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the compositions of plasmalogens and phospholipids (PLs) in dried big head shrimp (Solenocera melantho), opossum shrimp (Neomysis awatschensis), mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), and sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). We also analyze the fatty acid composition of the extracted lipids, phosphatidyl choline (PtdCho), and plasmalogen choline (PlsCho) from each sample. In big head shrimp, opossum shrimp, and mussel, phosphatidyl choline (PtdCho) was the most abundant PL at 1677.9, 1603, and 1661.6 mg/100 g of dried sample, respectively, whereas the most abundant PL in sea cucumber was PlsCho (206.9 mg/100 g of dried sample). In all four samples, plasmalogen ethanolamine (PlsEtn) was higher than phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PtdEtn). The content (mg/100 g of dried sample) of PlsCho was highest in mussel (379.0), and it was higher in big head shrimp (262.3) and opossum shrimp (245.6) than sea cucumber (206.9). The contents (mg/100 g of dried sample) of PlsEtn were in the order of mussel (675.4) > big head shrimp (629.5) > opossum shrimp (217.9) > sea cucumber (51.5). For analyzing the fatty acids at the sn-2 position of PlsCho, the consecutive treatment with phospholipase A1, solid phase extraction, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and GC-FID were applied. The most abundant fatty acid was eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5, n-3) in big head shrimp and sea cucumber, palmitoleic acid (C16:1, n-7) in opossum shrimp, and docosadienoic acid (C22:2, n-6) in mussel.

Serum miR-3620-3p as a Novel Biomarker for Ankylosing Spondylitis

Objective@#Using microRNA (miR) as a biomarker has been a new way for diagnosing many diseases. Although many studies on miR-biomarker have been published, researches on miR-biomarker in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to valiate a candidate serum miR as a novel disease-specific novel miR for AS. @*Methods@#Total RNAs were extracted from sera samples of patients with AS (n=57), patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n=37), or healthy controls (HC) (n=19). Through serum miR screening by microarray, differential levels of miR were subsequently validated by real time PCR. At the time of serum sampling, clinical values such as sex, age, disease duration, AS-disease activity score, uveitis, peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, human leukocyte antigen-B27 presence, and recent medication were evaluated. @*Results@#We found that the expression level of serum miR-3620-3p in AS was notably lower than that in RA or HC. The receiver–operator characteristics curve for determining the diagnostic accuracy showed an area under the curve of 0.919 (p＜0.001) with a sensitivity of 87.1% and a specificity of 86.0%. Correlation studies showed that the expression level of miR-3620-3p was only associated with the development of uveitis (p＜0.05). @*Conclusion@#Serum miR-3620-3p can be as a new biomarker for diagnosing AS.

Presence of Cholesterol in Non-Animal Organisms: Identification and Quantification of Cholesterol in Crude Seed Oil from Perilla frutescens and Dehydrated Pyropia tenera.

Studies have reported that cholesterol, a molecule found mainly in animals, is also present in some plants and algae. This study aimed to determine whether cholesterol exists in three dehydrated algae species, namely, Pyropia tenera, Saccharina japonica, and Undaria pinnatifida, and in one plant species, namely, Perilla frutescens (four perilla seed oil samples were analyzed). These species were chosen for investigation because they are common ingredients in East Asian cuisine. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis found that cholesterol was present in P. tenera (14.6 mg/100 g) and in all four perilla seed oil samples (0.3-0.5 mg/100 g). High-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) also demonstrated that cholesterol was present in P. tenera (14.2 mg/100 g) and allowed the separation of cholesterol from its isomer lathosterol. However, cholesterol could not be detected by HPLC-ELSD in the perilla seed oil samples, most likely because it is only present in trace amounts. Moreover, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed the presence of cholesterol in both P. tenera and perilla seed oil. MRM results further suggested that lathosterol (a precursor of cholesterol) was present in P. tenera.

Effect of Fermentation on Cyanide and Ethyl Carbamate Contents in Cassava Flour and Evaluation of Their Mass Balance during Lab-Scale Continuous Distillation.

When cassava is used for the production of distilled spirits through fermentation and distillation, toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is released from linamarin and carcinogenic ethyl carbamate is produced. Herein, cyanide and ethyl carbamate contents were monitored during the fermentation and lab-scale continuous distillation processes. Thereafter, mass balance and the influence of copper chips were evaluated. Results showed that 81.5% of cyanide was removed after fermentation. Use of copper chips completely prevented the migration of cyanide into the distilled spirits, while 88.3% of cyanide migrated from the fermented liquid in the absence of copper chips. Formation of ethyl carbamate was significantly promoted during distillation. Most of the produced ethyl carbamate (73.2%) was transferred into the distilled spirits in the absence of copper chips, only 9.6% of the ethyl carbamate was transferred when copper chips were used. Thus, copper chips effectively prevented the migration of cyanide and ethyl carbamate into the distilled spirts during continuous distillation.

MicroRNA-10b Plays a Role in Bone Formation by Suppressing Interleukin-22 in Ankylosing Spondylitis

OBJECTIVE: The microRNA (miR)-10b is the T helper (Th) 17 cell specific in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The interleukin (IL)-22, which is closely related to Th17 cells, has been implicated in the regulation of new bone formation in experimental models. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether miR-10b affects bone formation via the IL-22 pathway in AS.METHODS: Primary CD4+ T cells from AS were purified and transfected with miR-10b, anti-miR-10b, or scramble. Cell-surface markers and cytokine expression were analyzed by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Primary bone-derived cells (BdCs) from the facet joints of the spine were isolated, then osteogenic differentiation of primary BdCs was performed. We assessed alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and staining of BdCs at early time points. Alizarin red S staining of BdCs was performed at late time points.RESULTS: Overexpression of miR-10b reduced both IL-22 producing cell frequencies and cytokine production in T cells from the patients with AS. The IL-22 significantly increased ALP staining and bone mineralization. The ALP promotor activity of AS-BdCs was notably higher for the IL-22 concentration. The supernatants of the miR-10b overexpression group suppressed ALP activity on osteogenic progenitor cells from the facet joints of the spine in patients with AS.CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that miR-10b suppresses IL-22 production, which was involved in osteogenic proliferation in AS. Therefore, miR-10b might be a potential therapeutic candidate for regulation of new bone formation in patients with AS.

Factors Affecting Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of Non-Obstetric Surgery and Anesthesia during Pregnancy: a Retrospective Review of Data at a Single Tertiary University Hospital

Background@#Anesthesia during pregnancy for non-obstetric surgery is generally known to have a negative impact on maternal and fetal outcomes. We assessed the risk of adverse outcomes in fetuses and mothers associated with non-obstetric surgery. @*Methods@#This retrospective study analyzed clinical data on pregnant women who received non-obstetric surgeries at a tertiary university hospital. We reviewed maternity admissions using hospital administrative data during the last 16 years. The outcome assessment included the presence of preterm labor, premature birth, abortion, or stillbirth and the data of newborns. Statistical analyses were performed using the t-test, χ2 test, and multiple logistic regression was used for risk analysis. @*Results@#The incidence of non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy was 0.96%. Gestational age at or above 20 weeks increased the risk of all adverse events 4.5 fold when it was compared to gestational age less than 20 weeks, although the events were only preterm labor or premature birth and no fetal loss. All fetal loss cases occurred in patients at less than 20 weeks of pregnancy. The risk of adverse outcome increased by 2% for every 1 minute increase in anesthesia time. Babies of the mothers who had the adverse outcome event showed lower birth weight and higher neonatal intensive care unit admission rate than those of babies of the mothers without any adverse event after the surgery. @*Conclusion@#Physicians should acknowledge and prepare for common possible adverse events at the stage of pregnancy after non-obstetric surgery, and effort to shorten the duration of surgery and anesthesia is needed.

Effects of various methods of dexmedetomidine administration for sedation in elderly patients undergoing spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled study

Background@#The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of sedation and the incidence of adverse effects resulting from various methods of administering the initial dose followed by continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine (DEX) for sedation in elderly patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. @*Methods@#In total, 72 patients aged over 65 years who were to be administered spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated into three groups. The initial doses were injected to the groups as follows: group DD, DEX 0.5 μg/kg for 10 min; group MD, midazolam 0.02 mg/kg; and group D, no initial dose. This was followed immediately by infusing a maintenance dose of DEX 0.5 μg/kg/h to all groups. @*Results@#The Bispectral index (BIS) in the D group was significantly higher than in the other two groups. There were no significant differences in the Ramsay sedation scale (RSS) among the groups. The RSS 3 level was reached in 10 min from the start of sedation in MD and DD groups and in 20 min from the start of sedation in D group. Neither bradycardia nor hypotension was observed in any of the groups. @*Conclusions@#Patients in all three groups reached the RSS 3 sedating-effect level. However, the group that received continuous infusion only without the initial dose showed higher BIS than the other two groups and reached the RSS 3 later. No adverse events were observed in any of the groups.

Anesthetic Experiences of Liver Transplantation in a New Low Volume Hospital: Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital / 이화의대지

OBJECTIVES: Liver transplantation (LT) is the only treatment for end stage of liver failure. In Korea, annually it has been performed 1,300 cases. Most of LTs are performed in large volumes centers. More than half of centers performing LT in Korea are low volume hospital and started a LT program recently. We present our four-year experiences and outcomes of anesthesia for LT since 2013. METHODS: Anesthetic and surgical outcomes of 49 consecutive patients who received LT (living donor LT, 21 cases; deceased donor LT, 28 cases) between April 2013 and April 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: All patients were adult, with the mean age of 53.5±9.2 years. The most common cause of original liver diseases was hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis (40.8%). The mean MELD (Model for End-stage Liver Disease) score was 18.8±10.7. Postreperfusion syndrome was observed in 34.7%, which were all controlled by calcium, norepinephrine, ephedrine and epinephrine. The mean postoperative intensive care unit stay of deceased donor LT recipients (13.6±9.0 days) was significantly longer than that of living donor LT recipients (8.0±3.3 days). There was no intraoperative mortality in patients receiving LT. Thirty-day post-transplant survival rate was 93.8% and 3-year survival rate was 88.6 %. The most common postoperative complication was pneumonia. CONCLUSION: We have started LT successfully with multidisciplinary team's steady effort. Adaptation and setting up LT protocol, adequate equipment, proper training at established transplant centers are essential to begin a successful LT program.

The Skin-to-epidural distance of parturients by ultrasonography: sitting position versus left lateral position

BACKGROUND: Pre-procedural lumbar ultrasound scanning is a reliable tool to estimate the skin to epidural distance (SED). We conducted an observational study to compare the SED between the sitting position and lateral position using pre-procedural ultrasound imaging of the lumbar spine in parturients. METHODS: Using a 2–5 MHz curvilinear transducer, we obtained images of the lumbar interspaces from L2-3 to L5-S1 in the paramedian sagittal oblique view. The individual distance from the skin to the ligamentum flavum-dura mater unit was measured at the level of L2-3, L3-4, L4-5, and L5-S1 in the left lateral position (distance in lateral position; D-lat). Subsequently, participants were placed in the sitting position, and the distance was measured in the same manner (distance in sitting position; D-sit). Data were grouped according to body mass index (BMI; kg/m²) measurements of ≥ 25 or < 25 and analyzed. The primary outcome was the change determined by ultrasound between D-lat and D-sit at the same lumbar level according to position. RESULTS: Thirty parturients were studied. The difference between D-lat and D-sit in the same lumbar level was not statistically significant. The mean changes between D-lat and D-sit in the same lumbar level were less than 0.18 cm. In BMI ≥ 25 group, the difference between D-lat and D-sit were greater than that of BMI < 25 group at L3-4 level (P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: It is important for clinicians to consider that position change is associated with greater differences in SED in obese parturients (BMI ≥ 25) compared with thin parturients (BMI < 25). For obese parturients, the sitting position may be helpful.

Comparison of the serum fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products with cytokeratin 19 fragment as biomarkers in patients with lung cancer.

Lung cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related mortality. The identification of early diagnostic biomarkers improved outcomes for lung cancer patients. Serum fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) levels are elevated in numerous malignancies due to hemostatic alterations. The serum FDP levels were compared to the levels of cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen (CYFRA 21-1), another well-established biomarker. The serum samples from 193 lung cancer patients, 84 healthy controls and 106 patients with benign respiratory diseases were obtained. The serum FDP level was measured using the DR-70 immunoassay and the CYFRA 21-1 level was measured by electrochemiluminescence using the Roche Analytics E170. Receiver operating characteristics curves were used to assess the predictive sensitivity and specificity. The mean serum FDP level in lung cancer patients (35.01±229.02 µg/ml) was significantly higher compared to the 190 non-cancerous subjects (0.60±0.75 µg/ml; P=0.039). The mean serum CYFRA 21-1 level in lung cancer patients (4.50±6.67 ng/ml) was also significantly higher compared to the non-cancerous subjects (1.40±0.83 ng/ml; P<0.05). FDP exhibited clinical sensitivity and specificity of 86 and 75%, respectively, at an optimal cut-off at 0.67 µg/ml. CYFRA 21-1 exhibited clinical sensitivity and specificity of 77 and 74%, respectively, at a cut-off of 1.65 ng/ml. The serum FDP area under the curve (0.87) was slightly higher compared to CYFRA 21-1 (0.83). Therefore, it is apparent that serum FDP is comparable to CYFRA 21-1 as a lung cancer biomarker and can be used for clinical practice.

Isolated Splenic Vein Thrombosis Associated with Acute Pancreatitis / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Pancreatic disease is the most frequent cause of isolated splenic vein thrombosis. Splenic vein thrombosis causes a localized form of portal hypertension known as sinistral or left-sided portal hypertension. Splenic vein thrombosis may be complicated by the formation of gastric varices, with the potential of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Whereas splenectomy is considered to be the treatment of choice for symptomatic splenic vein thrombosis, the role of splenectomy in the patient with asymptomatic splenic vein thrombosis remains controversial. We report a rare case of acute pancreatitis complicated by isolated asymptomatic splenic vein thrombosis. Recognition of this disease entity is important because the risk of secondary variceal bleeding, while uncommon, can be life-threatening.

A Case of Autoimmune Chronic Pancreatitis in a Child / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

We present a case of autoimmune chronic pancreatitis in a previously healthy child without any history of autoimmune disease. A 12-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital with abdominal pain. The serum amylase, lipase, and IgG levels were elevated and autoantibodies (antinuclear antibody, antineutrophil antibody) were detected. An abdominal CT (computed tomographic) scan revealed diffuse enlargement of the pancreas. ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography) demonstrated an irregular stricture of the main pancreatic duct in the pancreas tail. After two years of oral steroid and immunosuppressive drug therapy, the clinical, laboratory and radiological findings were improved. The patient has been symptom-free for 18 months after the discontinuation of medication.

Sensitization to House Dust Mite: Its Associations with Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness and Lung Function in Asthmatic Children / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

PURPOSE:Aeroallergens are generally known to us as risk factors for the persistence of asthma. House dust mites are major aeroallergens in Korea. However, the associations between house dust mites sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary function are still controversial. METHODS:One hundred eighteen children aged 5-12 years with mild to moderate asthma were enrolled. Each subject underwent the pulmonary function test, the methacholine challenge test, and the skin prick test with aeroallergens, and total serum immunoglobin (Ig)E levels. The non-sensitization group was defined when skin prick test results are all negative for common aeroallergens. The sensitization group was defined when skin test results are positive for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or Dermatophagoides farinae. RESULTS:In the house dust mites sensitization group, increased serum total IgE and decreased methacholine PC(20) were noted. There was no significant difference in pulmonary functions between sensitization and non-sensitization groups. In the sensitization group, methacholine PC(20) correlated with prebronchodilator %FEF(25-75%) (r=0.346, P=0.008) but did not correlate with %FVC, %FEV(1) and FEV(1)/FVC. In the sensitization group, methacholine PC(20) and pulmonary function did not correlate with total IgE or age. CONCLUSION:The house dust mites sensitization in asthmatic children correlated with increased bronchial responsiveness but did not correlate with decreased pulmonary functions. These findings support the role of house dust mite sensitization in the modulation bronchial responsiveness.

Sensitization to House Dust Mite: Its Associations with Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness and Lung Function in Asthmatic Children / 소아알레르기및호흡기학회지

PURPOSE:Aeroallergens are generally known to us as risk factors for the persistence of asthma. House dust mites are major aeroallergens in Korea. However, the associations between house dust mites sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary function are still controversial. METHODS:One hundred eighteen children aged 5-12 years with mild to moderate asthma were enrolled. Each subject underwent the pulmonary function test, the methacholine challenge test, and the skin prick test with aeroallergens, and total serum immunoglobin (Ig)E levels. The non-sensitization group was defined when skin prick test results are all negative for common aeroallergens. The sensitization group was defined when skin test results are positive for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or Dermatophagoides farinae. RESULTS:In the house dust mites sensitization group, increased serum total IgE and decreased methacholine PC(20) were noted. There was no significant difference in pulmonary functions between sensitization and non-sensitization groups. In the sensitization group, methacholine PC(20) correlated with prebronchodilator %FEF(25-75%) (r=0.346, P=0.008) but did not correlate with %FVC, %FEV(1) and FEV(1)/FVC. In the sensitization group, methacholine PC(20) and pulmonary function did not correlate with total IgE or age. CONCLUSION:The house dust mites sensitization in asthmatic children correlated with increased bronchial responsiveness but did not correlate with decreased pulmonary functions. These findings support the role of house dust mite sensitization in the modulation bronchial responsiveness.

A study on cow's milk and nursing method in relation to iron deficiency / 소아과

PURPOSE: This study investigated the breast-feeding period, the milk bottle-using period, the age of cow's milk, introduced and the amount of cow's milk consumed in relation to anemia. METHODS: Over the course of three years, 930 children(12 months to 36 months) who went to the Presbyterian Medical Center, Chonju, Korea were tested for anemia and their parents were surveyed for a history of their children's milk consumption. RESULTS: Anemia appeared more likely between 30 months and 36 months, however, iron-deficiency anemia appeared more likely between 18 months and 23 months. Anemia, low serum ferritin levels and iron-deficiency anemia appeared more likely in children breast fed less than 6 months and greater than 12 months. Although there were survey reports of side effects with cow's milk, including constipation, diarrhea and skin rash, the milk bottle-using period, age of cow's milk introduced and amount of cow's milk consumed had no connection with anemia, serum ferritin levels and iron-deficiency anemia. CONCLUSION: The data showed no correlation between the cow's milk, milk bottle-using period and iron deficiency. But the data revealed that iron deficiency anemia is more likely in children who are breast fed for less than 6 months and over 12 months, so we suggest careful attention during this period to prevent iron deficiency anemia.