Diseases with neurological manifestations diagnosed in cattle in the hospital routine: a retrospective epidemiological study (2009-2019) / Enfermidades com manifestações neurológicas diagnosticadas em bovinos na rotina hospitalar: estudo epidemiológico retrospectivo (2009-2019)

Abstract Neurological disorders in cattle comprise a group of economically relevant diseases with high occurrence and mortality. In this way, the objective was to carry out an epidemiological study of the diseases with neurological manifestations in cattle admitted (alive or dead) to the Garanhuns Bovine Clinic/Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (CBG/UFRPE) from January 2009 to December 2019. Epidemiological information was collected from the clinical records regarding the age group, rearing system, time of year, and area of origin of the animals. The diseases were grouped into categories according to their origin: toxic or toxi-infectious, viral, traumatic/physical, parasitic, metabolic degenerative, bacterial, neoplastic, and others. A total of 6103 cattle were treated during the study period, of which 604 (10.1%) were diagnosed with diseases that had neurological manifestations. Of these, 331 cases were of single occurrence, and 231 cases occurred as outbreaks in the herd. Death was the outcome in almost 80% of the cases (465/596). The frequencies of the different categories were toxic or toxi-infectious (25.2%), viral (21.5%), traumatic/physical (13.6%), parasitic (9.8%), metabolic (9.3%), degenerative (2.3%), bacterial (2.2%), neoplastic (1.2%), and others (1.2%). It was found that almost half of the animals were older than 24 months (229/475), almost 80% were females, more than 60% were submitted to a semi-intensive to intensive rearing system, and the occurrence of disease was higher during the dry period of the year (363/614). The three most frequent neurological diseases in this study were rabies, trauma, and botulism.

Resumo Os distúrbios neurológicos em bovinos abrangem um grupo de enfermidades economicamente relevantes de elevada ocorrência e mortalidade. Desta forma, objetivou-se realizar um estudo epidemiológico das enfermidades que cursaram com manifestações neurológicas que deram entrada (vivos ou mortos) na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns/Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2019. Nos prontuários clínicos, foram coletadas informaçõe epidemiológicas referentes ao sexo; a faixa etária; ao sistema de criação, época do ano e a área de procedência dos animais. As doenças foram agrupadas em categorias de acordo com sua origem: tóxica ou toxi-infecciosa, viral, traumática, parasitária, degenerativa, metabólica, bacteriana, neoplásica e outras. Um total de 6103 bovinos foram atendidos no período estudado, dos quais 604 (10,1 %) foram diagnosticados com enfermidades que cursaram com manifestações neurológicas. Destes, 331 casos foram de ocorrência individual, 231 casos cursaram como surtos no rebanho. Quase 80% dos casos (465/596) teve o óbito como desfecho. As frequências das distintas categoria foram tóxica ou toxi-infecciosa (25,2%), viral (21,5%), traumática/física (13,6%), parasitária (9,8%), metabólica (9,3%, degenerativa (2,3%), bacteriana (2,2%), neoplásica (1,2%), outras (1,2%). Verificou-se que quase metade dos animais apresentavam idade superior a 24 meses (229/475), quase 80% eram fêmeas, mais de 60% eram submetidos a um sistema de criação de semi-intensivo a intensivo e a ocorrência foi maior durante o período seco do ano (363/614). As três enfermidades com manifestações neurológicas de maior ocorrência neste estudo foram a raiva, os traumatismos e o botulismo.

Clinical and laboratory indicators predictive of the negative outcome of gastrointestinal emergencies in cattle / Indicadores clínicos e laboratoriais preditivos do desfecho negativo de emergências gastrointestinais em bovino

This study aimed to identify clinical and laboratory variables that could help predict the negative outcome in cattle affected by gastrointestinal emergencies. A retrospective cohort study was carried out using multivariate logistic regression analysis based on data collected from the clinical records of cattle hospitalized at the Garanhuns Bovine Clinic, UFRPE campus. One hundred and twenty-two cattle met the inclusion criteria established for the study. Among the clinical variables, heart rate (HR) and abdominal distension are associated with the outcome in animals with right displaced abomasum (RDA), and anorexia and 10% dehydration in animals with an obstructive intestinal disorder. Among the laboratory variables, plasma fibrinogen (PF) and total leukocyte count were associated with the outcome in animals with RDA, while PF and plasma L-lactate were associated with animals with an obstructive intestinal disorder. HR and the total leukocyte count remained in the final model of the regression adjusted for animals with RDA. On the other hand, plasma L-lactate and PF remained in the final model in the adjusted model for animals with an obstructive intestinal disorder. Cattle with RDA and HR higher than 90 bpm present an increased chance of having a negative outcome whereas cattle with obstructive intestinal disorder and plasma L-lactate higher than 1.84 mmol/L or PF higher than 850 mg/dL have a higher chance of not survive. Therefore, clinical and laboratory variables such as HR, fibrinogen, and plasma L-lactate are useful to predict the negative outcome in cattle with gastrointestinal emergencies, especially RDA and obstructive intestinal disorders.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais que pudessem ajudar a predizer o desfecho negativo em bovinos acometidos por emergências gastrointestinais. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo por meio de análise de regressão logística multivariada com base em dados coletados dos prontuários de bovinos internados na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns, campus da UFRPE. Cento e vinte e dois bovinos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão estabelecidos para o estudo. Dentre as variáveis clínicas, a frequência cardíaca e a distensão abdominal estão associadas ao desfecho em animais com deslocamento de abomaso à direita (DAD), e anorexia e 10% de desidratação em animais com distúrbio intestinal obstrutivo. Entre as variáveis laboratoriais, o fibrinogênio plasmáticao (FP) e a contagem total de leucócitos foram associados ao desfecho em animais com DAD, enquanto o FP e o L-lactato plasmático foram associados a animais com distúrbio intestinal obstrutivo. A frequência cardíaca (FC) e a contagem total de leucócitos permaneceram no modelo final da regressão ajustada para animais com DAD. Por outro lado, o L-lactato plasmático e o FP permaneceram no modelo final ajustado para animais com distúrbio intestinal obstrutivo. Bovinos com DAD e FC maior que 90 bpm apresentam maior chance de ter um desfecho negativo, enquanto bovinos com distúrbio intestinal obstrutivo e L-lactato plasmático maior que 1,84 mmol/L ou FP maior que 850 mg/dL têm maior chance de não sobreviver. Portanto, variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais como FC, FP e L-lactato plasmático são úteis para predizer o desfecho negativo em bovinos com doenças emergências gastrointestinais, especialmente DAD e distúrbios intestinais obstrutivos.(AU)

Vagal indigestion in cattle: a retrospective study / Indigestão vagal em bovinos: estudo retrospectivo

This study aimed to carry out a retrospective study of vagal indigestion cases diagnosed in cattle admitted at the Garanhuns Bovine Clinic, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco campus. This syndrome, caused by dysfunctions of the vagus nerve and characterized by motility disorders of the pre-stomachs and abomasum, represented 5.5% (70/1279) of digestive cases diagnosed in a period of 10 years and had an unfavorable prognosis in 78.3% of cases. Type II vagal indigestion was the most prevalent, accounting for 40% of cases, followed by type I (24.3%) and types III and IV, which accounted for 18.6% and 10.0% of cases, respectively. Vagal indigestion in 67.1% (47/70) of cases occurred as a result of other illnesses, such as traumatic reticuloperitonitis (27.7%), lung diseases (12.8%), gastric impaction (10.6%), abomasal ulcer (10.6%), lymphosarcoma (6.4%), and liver abscesses (6.4%). Motor changes in the gastrointestinal tract, such as hypomotility, abdominal distension, and bloat, as well as their consequences, were the most frequent clinical signs. Laboratory, ultrasonographic, and anatomopathological alterations mainly originate from the primary illnesses present in each case. The approach of this disease is essential due to its clinical and economic importance for livestock to expand the knowledge of its etiopathogenesis, thus contributing to a more accurate diagnosis by veterinarians working in the field of internal medicine for cattle.

Objetivou-se realizar um estudo retrospectivo dos casos de indigestão vagal diagnosticados em bovinos atendidos na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns, campus da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Essa síndrome, causada por disfunções do nervo vago e caracterizada por transtornos de motilidade dos pré-estômagos e abomaso, representou 5,5% (70/1279) dos casos digestivos diagnosticados num período de 10 anos e apresentou prognóstico desfavorável em 78,3% dos casos. A indigestão vagal tipo II foi a mais prevalente, representando 40% dos casos, seguida do tipo I (24,3%) e dos tipos III e IV, que corresponderam a 18,6% e 10,0%, respectivamente. Em 67,1% (47/70) dos casos, a indigestão vagal ocorreu em consequência de outras enfermidades, tais como reticuloperitonite traumática (27,7%), doenças pulmonares (12,8%), compactação gástrica (10,6%), úlcera de abomaso (10,6%), linfossarcoma (6,4%) e abscessos hepáticos (6,4%). As alterações motoras do trato gastrointestinal, tais como hipomotilidade, distensão abdominal e timpania, assim como suas consequências foram os sinais clínicos mais frequentes. As alterações laboratoriais, de imagem e anatomopatológicas são oriundas principalmente das enfermidades primárias presentes em cada caso. Devido sua importância clínica e econômica para a bovinocultura, é primordial a abordagem dessa enfermidade, visando ampliar o conhecimento da sua etiopatogenia contribuindo dessa forma para um diagnóstico mais preciso pelos médicos veterinários atuantes na área de medicina interna de bovinos.

Occurrence of foot diseases in cattle attended at the Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns: Epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and economic aspects / Ocorrência de afecções podais em bovinos atendidos pela Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns: aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, terapêuticos e econômicos

The objective was to study the occurrence of foot disorders in cattle treated at the Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns, campus of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco from 1999 to 2021. A retrospective study of the medical records was carried out, with a total of 334 cases, in which 613 lesions were diagnosed. A frequency distribution, with simple mean and standard deviation was performed to evaluate the data. Interdigital dermatitis was more frequent in 12.4% (76/613), double sole in 9.79% (60/613), chronic laminitis in 8.81% (54/613), sole ulcer in 7.83% (48 /613), and interdigital hyperplasia in 7.24% (45/613). Laminitis and its consequences accounted for 45% of the total injuries identified, followed by 36% of injuries of secondary or uncertain cause, and 19% from infectious diseases. The distribution of lesions between the limbs was 68% in the pelvic and 32% in the thoracic limbs. Females, raised in a semi-intensive system, Holstein, with a body score of III, and large size were more affected. Lameness was present in 78% (260/334), while 10% (33/334) did not present lameness. The case fatality and recovery rates were 9% (31/334) and 73% (243/334), respectively. In total, 51% of cases occurred in the rainy season and 49% in the dry season. The main cities of origin were Bom Conselho 22.75% (76/334), Garanhuns 18.86% (63/334), and Brejão 12.57% (42/334). The estimated cost of treatment was US$ 150.13/case. Diseases are probably directly linked to management failure on the property due to the nature of the diagnosed diseases, in addition to the significant cost of the treatment of these animals, with the need for prophylactic measures in order to avoid the economic losses associated with foot diseases.

Objetivou-se estudar a ocorrência das afecções podais em bovinos atendidos na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns, Campus da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, no intervalo de 1999 a 2021. Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo dos prontuários, com total 334 casos, dos quais foram diagnosticadas 613 lesões digitais. Foi realizada a distribuição de frequência, média simples e desvio padrão para avaliação dos dados. A dermatite interdigital foi a mais frequente, sendo observada em 12,4% (76/613) dos casos, seguida por sola dupla 9,79% (60/613), laminite crônica 8,81% (54/613), úlcera de sola 7,83% (48/613) e a hiperplasia interdigital 7,24% (45/613). A laminite e suas consequências representaram 45% do total de lesões identificadas, acompanhadas por 36% das injúrias de causa secundárias ou incertas e de doenças infecciosas com 19%. A distribuição das lesões entre os membros foi de 68% nos pélvicos e 32% nos torácicos. As fêmeas criadas em sistema semi-intensivo, holandesas, com escore corporal III e porte grande eram mais acometidas. A claudicação estava presente em 78% dos animais, enquanto 10% não claudicavam. As taxas de letalidade e recuperação foram de 9% (31/334) e 73 % (243/334), respectivamente. No período chuvoso foram 51% dos casos e 49% na época seca. Os principais municípios de origem foram Bom Conselho 22,75% (76/334), Garanhuns 18, 86% (63/334) e Brejão 12,57% (42/334). O custo estimado com tratamento foi de US$ 150,13/caso. Provavelmente falhas de manejo nas propriedades foram importantes fatores de risco para as doenças. Sugere-se a implementação de medidas profiláticas para evitar as perdas econômicas associadas às enfermidades podais.

Cardiac, energy and hormonal blood markers, and lactatemia in cows with displaced abomasum

Background: Displaced abomasum (DA) is a common and economically important disorder that affects dairy cattle. Nutritional factors and adaptive responses that occur in the peripartum play a central role in the pathogenesis. The measurement of blood metabolites represents a useful tool for monitoring and prognostic determination in affected animals. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate cardiac, energy and hormonal blood markers, lactatemia, and insulin sensitivity in cows diagnosed with right displaced abomasum (RDA) and left displaced abomasum (LDA), comparing them with each other. Materials, Methods & Results: Nineteen cases of abomasum displacement in cows were studied, including 9 cases of RDA and 10 cases of LDA. The diagnosis was established by means of physical examination and measurement of the concentration of chlorides in the ruminal fluid (> 30 mEq/L). After diagnosis, clinical-surgical therapeutic management was instituted. At the time of diagnosis (M1) and at the resolution of the case (M2), blood samples were collected to assess the variables: non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxybutyrate (βHB), L-lactate, creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, insulin, and cortisol. In addition, insulin sensitivity was estimated using the Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (RQUICKI) and RQUICKI-βHB. The means of the variables were compared, separating the effects of groups (RDA and LDA) and moments (M1 and M2), at the level of 5% probability. The concentrations of NEFA, CK-MB, L-lactate, glucose, insulin, and cortisol were higher at M1 and the RQUICKI and RQUICKI-βHB indices were lower at this moment. L-lactate, CK, and CK-MB were higher in the RDA group, while cTnI, βHB, and LDH did not present a group or moment effect. Cardiac markers correlated with the energy profile metabolites, L-lactate, and cortisol. Discussion: The high...

Indigestão Vagal Incomum Em Caprino Associada A Abscesso Hepático Por Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis / Unusual Vagal Indigestion In Goat Associated With Liver Abscess By Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis / Indigestión Vagal Incomum En Caprino Asociados Al Absceso Del Hígado Por Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis

Relata-se indigestão vagal incomum em caprino, relacionada com a manifestação visceral da linfadenite caseosa, causada por Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Inicialmente o animal apresentou timpanismo recidivante, seguido de diminuição do apetite, perda de peso, desidratação moderada, distensão abdominal e rúmen hipermotílico com movimentos fracos. Na laparoruminotomia exploratória observou-se aumento de volume do líquido peritoneal, aderências do retículo a órgãos adjacentes e aumento de volume e rigidez do fígado. Na necropsia, observou-se que a lesão hepática decorria de abscesso por C. pseudotuberculosis. Abscessos e aderências envolvendo a parede do retículo estão entre as principais causas de quadros de indigestão vagal em bovinos, o que sugere que, essas causas também estejam relacionadas com a indigestão na espécie caprina.

We report unusual vagal indigestion in goats, related to the visceral manifestation of caseous lymphadenitis, caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Initially, the animal presented recurrent bloat, followed by decreased appetite, weight loss, moderate dehydration, abdominal distention and hypermotile rumen with weak movements. In the exploratory laparoruminotomy, there was an increase in volume of the peritoneal fluid, adhesions of the reticulum to adjacent organs and increase of volume and stiffness of the liver. At necropsy, it was observed that the liver lesion was caused by C. pseudotuberculosis. Abscesses and adhesions involving the reticulum wall are among the main causes of vagal indigestion in bovines, suggesting that these causes are also related to indigestion in the goat species.

Se ha informado de la indigestión vagal incomun en las cabras, en relación con la manifestación visceral de la linfadenitis caseosa causada por Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Inicialmente, el animal mostró hinchazón recurrente, seguido de disminución del apetito, pérdida de peso, deshidratación moderada, distensión abdominal y ruminal hipermotílico con movimientos débiles. En el laparoruminotomia exploratorio observado aumento del volumen de fluido peritoneal, la adhesión retícula a órganos adyacentes y la hinchazón y la rigidez del hígado. En la autopsia, se observó que el absceso lesión hepática se deriva de C. pseudotuberculosis. Abscesos y adherencias que involucran la pared del retículo se encuentran entre las principales causas de los marcos de la indigestión vagal en el ganado, lo que sugiere que estas causas también se relacionan con la indigestión en cabras.

Indigestão Vagal Incomum Em Caprino Associada A Abscesso Hepático Por Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis / Unusual Vagal Indigestion In Goat Associated With Liver Abscess By Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis / Indigestión Vagal Incomum En Caprino Asociados Al Absceso Del Hígado Por Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis

Relata-se indigestão vagal incomum em caprino, relacionada com a manifestação visceral da linfadenite caseosa, causada por Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Inicialmente o animal apresentou timpanismo recidivante, seguido de diminuição do apetite, perda de peso, desidratação moderada, distensão abdominal e rúmen hipermotílico com movimentos fracos. Na laparoruminotomia exploratória observou-se aumento de volume do líquido peritoneal, aderências do retículo a órgãos adjacentes e aumento de volume e rigidez do fígado. Na necropsia, observou-se que a lesão hepática decorria de abscesso por C. pseudotuberculosis. Abscessos e aderências envolvendo a parede do retículo estão entre as principais causas de quadros de indigestão vagal em bovinos, o que sugere que, essas causas também estejam relacionadas com a indigestão na espécie caprina.(AU)

We report unusual vagal indigestion in goats, related to the visceral manifestation of caseous lymphadenitis, caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Initially, the animal presented recurrent bloat, followed by decreased appetite, weight loss, moderate dehydration, abdominal distention and hypermotile rumen with weak movements. In the exploratory laparoruminotomy, there was an increase in volume of the peritoneal fluid, adhesions of the reticulum to adjacent organs and increase of volume and stiffness of the liver. At necropsy, it was observed that the liver lesion was caused by C. pseudotuberculosis. Abscesses and adhesions involving the reticulum wall are among the main causes of vagal indigestion in bovines, suggesting that these causes are also related to indigestion in the goat species.(AU)

Se ha informado de la indigestión vagal incomun en las cabras, en relación con la manifestación visceral de la linfadenitis caseosa causada por Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Inicialmente, el animal mostró hinchazón recurrente, seguido de disminución del apetito, pérdida de peso, deshidratación moderada, distensión abdominal y ruminal hipermotílico con movimientos débiles. En el laparoruminotomia exploratorio observado aumento del volumen de fluido peritoneal, la adhesión retícula a órganos adyacentes y la hinchazón y la rigidez del hígado. En la autopsia, se observó que el absceso lesión hepática se deriva de C. pseudotuberculosis. Abscesos y adherencias que involucran la pared del retículo se encuentran entre las principales causas de los marcos de la indigestión vagal en el ganado, lo que sugiere que estas causas también se relacionan con la indigestión en cabras.(AU)

Demodicose bovina associada a carcinoma de células escamosas na vulva / Bovine Demodicosis Associated with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva

Background: Demodicosis in cattle is caused by the mite Demodex bovis, mostly found in hair follicles. In general, this parasitic disease presents subclinically with small lumps on the skin; it can occur widely and cause serious economic losses owing to the resulting low quality leather. Demodicosis is relatively rare in farm animals, and data are scarce regarding epidemiological and pathological findings. Differential diagnoses for demodicosis in cattle should include sarcoptic, psoroptic, and chorioptic management; photosensitivity; urticaria; parakeratosis from zinc deficiency and dermatophilosis. The aim of this study is to report a case of demodicosis associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva of a cow in the semiarid region of Paraíba, Brazil. Case: A 3-year-old mixed Holstein-Friesian cow was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the University Federal of Campina Grande. The animal showed a proliferative and ulcerated sore on the vulva draining serous secretions. We performed an incisional biopsy of the affected area, and sent the tissue to the Laboratory of Animal Pathology for histological examination. The morphological diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma. Furthermore, several mite specimens were associated with the neoplastic proliferation. Based on the poor prognosis after clinical evaluation, the animal was euthanized. At necropsy, the lesions were identified as squamous cell carcinomas; firm nodules were observed with diameters ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 cm in the perivulvar region. Mites were deep-seated in shaved areas along with cutaneous nodules; they had a small, wormlike appearance; elongated abdomens with transverse striations, four pairs of short and stunted legs, and appeared morphologically similar to D. bovis. In addition, skin fragments and other organs were collected for histopathological evaluation. Microscopic examination of the skin revealed a moderate, nonsuppurative, and nodular dermatitis-associated perifolliculitis and folliculitis. Chronic, multifocal, moderate inflammatory infiltrate predominantly consisted of lymphocytes, plasma cells, some macrophages, few eosinophils, and few perifollicular and perivascular tissues, primarily in the superficial dermis. The hair follicles were found to be filled and expanded because of numerous mites (intact or segmented), characteristic of Demodex bovis. No significant lesions were observed in other organs. Discussion: In this case study, the cow was diagnosed with demodicosis on the basis of macroscopic and microscopic findings associated with parasitological examination. Furthermore, it is suggested that the observed squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva may have supported mite infection. The mites would have contributed to stress and consequently immunosuppression, allowing the multiplication of mites, which culminated in the pathological effects on the skin. Limited data were available in literature on bovine demodicosis, perhaps due to the low clinical suspicion and/or the possibility of spontaneous regression of the lesions. These factors may contribute to that there is clinical suspicion and, consequently, few reports of the disease. However, considering that the skin lesions can cause economic losses, understanding the epidemiology and pathology of bovine demodicosis is important to establish adequate control measures.