Consumo de semente de linhaça durante a lactação afeta peso e nível de hemoglobina na prole de ratas / Maternal consumption of flaxseed during lactation affects weight and hemoglobin level of offspring in rats

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do consumo da semente de linhaça durante a lactação sobre o peso corporal, indicadores hematológicos e massa de gordura visceral dos filhotes de ratas na idade adulta. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 16 ratas Wistar que, após o parto, foram divididas em dois grupos que receberam, durante a lactação, as seguintes dietas: grupo-controle (GC), ração à base de caseína, e grupo linhaça (GL), ração à base de caseína contendo 25 por cento de semente de linhaça. Ao desmame, os filhotes machos passaram a receber ração comercial até a idade adulta, quando foram sacrificados aos 170 dias de vida para coleta de sangue e avaliação da massa de gordura visceral. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrado menor peso corporal da prole do GL (GL = 42,69±3,06 g; GC = 47,31±4,72 g; p = 0,036) ao desmame. Aos 170 dias de idade foram observados menores valores na hemoglobina do GL (GL = 12,30±1,28 g/dL; GC = 13,88±0,91 g/dL; p = 0,02). Não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas na massa de gordura visceral entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: O consumo materno da ração à base de semente de linhaça durante a lactação promoveu menor peso ao desmame e níveis menores de hemoglobina na idade adulta quando comparados ao GC.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of maternal flaxseed consumption during lactation on the body weight, hematological indicators and visceral fat mass of male offspring in adulthood. METHODS: Sixteen female Wistar rats were divided into two groups after giving birth. During lactation the control group (CG) was fed a casein-based diet and the flaxseed group (FG) was fed a casein-based diet containing 25 percent flaxseed. After weaning, male offspring were fed on commercial chow until adulthood and euthanized at 170 days for blood collection and visceral fat mass assessment. RESULTS: Offspring of rats in the FG had lower body weight (FG = 42.69±3.06 g; CG = 47.31±4.72 g; p = 0.036) at weaning. At 170 days, lower hemoglobin levels were observed in the FG (FG = 12.30±1.28 g/dL; CG = 13.88±0.91 g/dL; p = 0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in visceral fat mass between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal consumption of a flaxseed-based diet during lactation resulted in lower body weight at weaning and lower hemoglobin levels in adulthood, when compared with the control group.

Maternal consumption of flaxseed during lactation affects weight and hemoglobin level of offspring in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of maternal flaxseed consumption during lactation on the body weight, hematological indicators and visceral fat mass of male offspring in adulthood. METHODS: Sixteen female Wistar rats were divided into two groups after giving birth. During lactation the control group (CG) was fed a casein-based diet and the flaxseed group (FG) was fed a casein-based diet containing 25% flaxseed. After weaning, male offspring were fed on commercial chow until adulthood and euthanized at 170 days for blood collection and visceral fat mass assessment. RESULTS: Offspring of rats in the FG had lower body weight (FG = 42.69+/-3.06 g; CG = 47.31+/-4.72 g; p = 0.036) at weaning. At 170 days, lower hemoglobin levels were observed in the FG (FG = 12.30+/-1.28 g/dL; CG = 13.88+/-0.91 g/dL; p = 0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in visceral fat mass between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal consumption of a flaxseed-based diet during lactation resulted in lower body weight at weaning and lower hemoglobin levels in adulthood, when compared with the control group.

A influência da linhaça sobre o aparelho reprodutor de ratas wistar / The influence of flaxseed on the reproductive system of male Wistar rats

O consumo de linhaça pode promover alterações no organismo. O estudo visa observar a influência do consumo de linhaça em diferentes fases da vida, sobre a concentração de estradiol, aparelho reprodutor feminino, início da puberdade e ciclo estral...O GLLM obteve número de glândulas endometriais por área tecidual inferior ao GCLM aos 90 dias. Não houve diferença quanto aos demais parâmetros histomorfométricos de úteros analisados. Todos apresentaram número de folículos ovarianos e corpos lúteos semelhantes. A ingestão de linhaça na lactação não tem efeito sobre os índices reprodutivos na prole feminina. O consumo contínuo promove atraso no início dapuberdade, diminuição do crescimento e peso corporal e redução do número de glândulas endometriais por área tecidual

Avaliação dos efeitos da semente de linhaça quando utilizada como fonte de proteína nas fases de crescimento e manutenção em ratos / Evaluation of the effects of flaxseed when used as a protein source for the growth and maintenance phases of rats

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade protéica da linhaça quando usada nas fases de crescimento e manutenção em ratos. MÉTODOS: Na primeira etapa utilizaram-se 18 Rattus norvegicus, Wistar, fêmeas, recém-desmamadas, recebendo água e ração à vontade. Estas foram distribuídas em 3 grupos (n=6): grupo linhaça - com dieta à base de linhaça, grupo controle - com dieta à base de caseína, grupo controle modificado - com dieta à base de caseína, com maior concentração de fibras e óleo. Na segunda etapa (após 28 dias de experimento) a dieta do grupo linhaça foi modificada, acrescentou-se 5,4 por cento de caseína. Os demais grupos permaneceram com as mesmas dietas. Todas eram isoenergéticas e continham 10 por cento de proteína. Os animais foram acompanhados até 180 dias de vida. Foram determinados o quociente de eficiência protéica e a albumina nas duas fases do experimento. RESULTADOS: Na primeira etapa, o grupo linhaça obteve quociente de eficiência protéica (0,8, DP=0,05) significantemente menor que o grupo controle (2,3, DP=0,1) e o controle modificado (2,3, DP=0,2). A concentração de albumina do grupo linhaça (3,0, DP=0,04g/dL) foi menor (p<0,01) que a do grupo controle (3,9, DP=0,06g/dL) e a do controle modificado (3,9, DP=0,01g/dL). Já na segunda etapa, o grupo linhaça modificado (1,2, DP=0,1) obteve maior (p<0,01) quociente de eficiência protéica que grupo controle (0,9, DP=0,02) e o controle modificado (0,9, DP=0,05). Não houve diferença significante no teor de albumina entre os grupos, caracterizando a recuperação da desnutrição. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que a linhaça não deve ser utilizada como fonte exclusiva de proteína, principalmente na fase de crescimento.

OBJECTIVE: This experiment tested the protein quality of flaxseed when used for the growth and maintenance of rats. METHODS: In the first phase, 18 just-weaned female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), receiving water and chow ad libitum, were divided into three groups (n=6): the flaxseed group received a flaxseed-based diet; the control group received a casein-based diet; and the modified control group received a casein-based, high-fiber, high-oil diet. In the second phase (28 days later), 5.4 percent of casein was added to the flaxseed-based diet. The diets of the other groups remained unchanged. All animals received isocaloric diets with 10 percent protein content until they were 180 days old. Protein efficiency ratio and albumin concentration was determined in the 2 phases of the experiment. RESULTS: In the first phase, the protein efficiency ratio of the flaxseed group (0.8, SD=0.05) was significantly lower than those of the control group (2.3, SD=0.1) and modified control group (2.3, SD=0.2). The albumin concentration of the flaxseed group (3.0, SD=0.04g/dL) was smaller (p<0.01) than those of the control group (3.9, SD=0.06g/dL) and modified control group (3.9, SD=0.01g/dL). In the second phase, protein efficiency ratio of the modified flaxseed group (1.2, SD=0.1) was higher (p<0.01) than those of the control group (0.9, SD=0.02) and modified control group (0.9, SD=0.05). Albumin concentration was similar in all groups, characterizing recovery from malnutrition. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, flaxseed should not be used as an exclusive source of protein, especially during growth.

The impact of dietary organic and transgenic soy on the reproductive system of female adult rat.

The goal of this article was to compare the effects of a prolonged use of organic and transgenic soy on the lipid profile and ovary and uterus morphology. Wistar rats were fed three different diets from weaning until sacrifice at 15 months of age. The three diets were: casein-based diet control group (CG), organic soy-based diet group (OSG), or transgenic soy-based diet group (GMSG). There were no differences in food consumption or in the diet isoflavone components among the groups. Compared with the CG diet, both the OSG and GMSG diets were associated with significant reductions in body weight, serum triglycerides, and cholesterol (P < 0.05) (CG = 406 +/- 23.1; 104.3 +/- 13.2; 119.9 +/- 7.3 GMSG = 368 +/- 17.6; 60.3 +/- 4.6; 83.3 +/- 5.7 OSG = 389 +/- 23.5; 72.3 +/- 12.5; 95.5 +/- 8.0, respectively). The volume density of endometrial glandular epithelium was greater in the GMSG group (29.5 +/- 7.17, P < 0.001) when compared with the CG (18.5 +/- 7.4) and OSG (20.3 +/- 10.6) groups. The length density of endometrial glandular epithelium was shorter in both GMSG (567.6 +/- 41.1) and OSG (514.8 +/- 144.5) diets compared with the CG (P < 0.05) diet. GMSG also resulted in reduced follicle number and increased corpus luteum number compared to the OSG or CG diets (P < 0.05). In summary, both GMSG and OSG diets resulted in decreased body weight and lower serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and alterations in uterine and ovarian morphology were also observed. The prolonged use of soy-based diets and their relation to reproductive health warrants further investigation.

Morphological modification of female bladder after prolonged use of soy-based diets.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a prolonged use of organic and transgenic soy upon the lipid profile and the collagen/muscle ratio of the detrusor muscle of the bladder. METHODS: Wistar rats were fed three different diets from weaning until sacrifice (15 months old): control group (CG) casein-based diet; organic soy group (OSG) organic soy-based diet; genetically modified soy group (GMSG) transgenic soy-based diet. RESULTS: There was no difference in the food consumption or in the diet isoflavone components among the groups. Comparing to CG, both OSG and GMSG groups presented a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the body weight, triglycerides, cholesterol and the smooth muscle of the detrusor and a significant (p<0.05) increase of collagen fibers number of the detrusor muscle. CONCLUSIONS: These findings call into question that, the prolonged use of soy-based diets can be deleterious to the bladder by altering the collagen/muscle ratio what can cause bladder dysfunctions similar with that occurring during menopause.

A influência da soja orgânica e transgênica nos indicadores bioquímicos de doenças cardiovasculares em ratos / The influence of organic and transgenic soy in biochemical indicators of cardiovascular disease in rats

A soja é um alimento rico em proteínas, fibras vitaminas minerais e isoflavonas. A soja orgânica é cultivada livre de produtos químicos. O tipo transgênico foi criado para aumentar a produção e reduzir custos, porém há muitas dúvidas sobre seus efeitos no homem e no meio ambiente...O presente estudo mostrou que as dietas experimentais não tiveram bom desempenho na infância, mas ma idade adulta e velhice, apresentaram aproveitamento semelhante à proteína de origem animal. O uso da soja orgânica e transgênica pareceu reduzir os níveis de colesterol e triglicerídeos, mas também diminuiu os níveis de 17 beta estradiol que pode não ser considerado benéfico, principalmente na menopausa onde seus níveis diminuem naturalmente.