[THE QUANTIFICATION OF SULPHATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS IN RAT URINE IN EXPERIMENTAL HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS].

The paper presents the study of the excretion of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the urine of rats in experimental hemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide and treated with glycosaminoglycan replacement therapy. Rats were given intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide at a dose of 100 mg per 1 kg body weight and subsequently treated with intragastric administration of the combined preparation of glycosaminoglycans containing glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate at a dose of 10 and 100 mg per 1 kg of body weight. Within 24 or 72 hours after cystitis induction there was a statistically significant increase in urinary GAG excretion. The study also found a decrease (from 1.34 to 1.22 mg/dL) in urinary GAG within 0 to 72 hours following induction of acute cystitis without glycosaminoglycan therapy. In the subchronic model of inflammation in the bladder, upon repeated administration of low doses of cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg), decrease in urinary GAG within 0 to 72 hours (1,32±0,13 mg/dL) as well as increased excretion after 96 hours at a concentration of 2,29±0,13 mg/L after initiation cystitis were found.

Effects of exogenous glycosaminoglycans on the histological structure of the rat bladder in experimental cystitis.

The protective effects of a complex glycosaminoglycan preparation in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg were studied in experimental cystitis induced in rats by administration of 9% acetic acid. Daily glycosaminoglycan intake for 2 weeks before intrabladder injection of acetic acid resulted in a less severe injury to the bladder mucosa in comparison with controls receiving no glycosaminoglycans.

[Laparoscopy at early postoperative intraabdominal bleedings].

Results of treatment of 46 patients with intraabdominal bleeding as complication of abdominal surgery are analyzed. Laparoscopy and ultrasonic diagnosis assisted with earlier diagnosis of complication. Eleven patients underwent repeated surgery at abdominal bleeding with laparoscopic techniques. Favorable outcome was seen at all the cases. Diagnostic algorithm of early postoperative intraabdominal bleedings is proposed.

[Problems of diagnosis and surgical treatment of early postoperative abdominal complications].

Results of treatment of 419 patients with early postoperative abdominal complications have been analyzed. Diagnosis of complication has been made at postmortem examination at 26 patients (1st group). The indications to relaparotomy at 165 patients (2nd group) were based on clinical and laboratory data. Lethality at this group was 35.8%. Complex method of diagnosis including special methods (laparoscopy, ultrasound) was used at 228 patients (3rd group). Mini-invasive surgical treatment technologies were used at 118 of them. Lethality at this group was 17.1%.

[Postoperative complications of gallstone disease in elderly and aged patients].

Here we have analyzed the results of surgical treatment of gallstone disease and its complications in 1208 senior-age patients. In 875 patients planned operations were performed, whereas in 333 patients the interventions were urgent. Post operational complications occurred in 5.2% of cases, and lethality amounted to 4.1%. The complications and post operational lethality depended on how traumatic and urgent the intervention was. Diagnostics of intraperitoneal complications was based on instrumental examination methods, with primary significance assigned to laparoscopy. In 21 patients early post operational intraperitoneal complications were treated with the use of mini-invasive methods. Guidelines for surgical treatment of gallstone disease and its complications in senior patients have been worked out.

[The role of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of early postoperative complications].

Results of 276 laparoscopic operations performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in the early postoperative period in 198 patients are analyzed. All the patients had been previously operated on the organs of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space: in 131 patients the investigations were performed with a diagnostic purpose; in 67 patients a laparoscopic method was used for treatment of complications of the early postoperative period. This problem can be solved by using the methods allowing diagnosing the complication as early as possible, before the development of irreversible alterations, and allowing to choose the most rational methods of treatment.

[Laparoscopy in early postoperative period in elderly and old patients].

For diagnosis and treatment of early postoperative intraabdominal complications 118 laparoscopic procedures were performed in 95 patients aged 55 to 94 years. Examination was carried out from 2 hours to 17 days after the first surgery. Diagnostic laparoscopy after surgeries on the liver and bile ducts was performed in 51 patients (most often), after ones on the intestine -- in 12 patients, on the stomach and the duodenum -- in 7, on organs of the small pelvis -- in 6, after appendectomy -- in 6 and after herniotomy -- in 8 patients. Primary surgery was emergency and urgent in 76, elective -- in 19 patients. Results of treatment of similar complications were studied in 91 patients (control group) who underwent laparotomy without previous laparoscopy. Both groups of patients were comparable by sex, age, severity of disease and types of primary surgical procedures. It is demonstrated that diagnostic and curative laparoscopic procedures in early postoperative intraabdominal complications in elderly and old patients permit to reduce lethality 2.4 fold.

[Treatment of early postoperative intra-abdominal complications in elderly and senile patients]. / Lechenie rannikh posleoperatsionnykh vnutribriushnykh oslozhnenii u bol'nykh pozhilogo i starcheskogo vozrasta.

Results of treatment of 334 patients who had intra-abdominal complications in the early postoperative period were analyzed. Among them there were 160 patients (47.9%) aged 60 years and older. Reoperations for different complications were performed on 311 patients including 141 patients from the older age group that made up 45.3%. The primary operations were performed on 131 elderly and senile patients for emergency and urgent indications. Planned operations on organs of the abdominal cavity were performed on 29 (18.1%) patients. Our experiences include 114 laparoscopies in 92 elderly and senile patients with the aim to diagnose and treat early postoperative intra-abdominal complications. A suspected intra-abdominal complication or high risk of its appearance was considered as an indication for the investigation. The laparoscopic method for diagnosing and treatment of this category of patients is thought to be a perspective direction for the improvement of results of treatment of a pathology of the early postoperative period.

[Evaluation of the effectiveness of drainage of the abdominal cavity]. / Otsenka éffektivnosti drenirovaniia briushnoi polosti.

In order to generalize the indications for drainage of the abdominal cavity the authors have systematized and subdivided them into one-type groups depending on the aims, (medical, prophylactic) and tasks, which on their opinion can allow the surgeons to better realize the reasons of using this method of treatment and to critically assess it. An analysis of clinical material was made in order to find out the frequency and localization of intraabdominal abscesses and to assess the measures taken for their prevention. It was found that in spite of the abdominal cavity drainage after 1568 operations on emergency indications, abscesses developed in 43 patients. An analysis of the investigation has shown that the causes, frequency and localization of postoperative abscesses are not predictable, prophylactic measures have low efficiency due to using passive glove-tube drainage and to too frequent using this not safe method without special need.