Home Cardiorespiratory Monitoring in Infants at Risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), Apparent Life-Threatening Event (ALTE) or Brief Resolved Unexplained Event (BRUE).

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the sudden death of an infant younger than one year of age which remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical history. About 90% of SIDS occur before six months of age, the peak incidence is between two and four months, and the median age for death is elven weeks. The clinical, social, and economic relevance of SIDS, together with the evidence that prevention of this syndrome was possible, has significantly stimulated research into risk factors for the development of SIDS in the hope of being able to introduce new effective preventive measures. This narrative review discusses the potential relationships between apparent life-threatening events (ALTE) or brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) and SIDS development, and when a home cardiorespiratory monitor is useful for prevention of these conditions. A literature analysis showed that home cardiorespiratory monitoring has been considered a potential method to identify not only ALTE and BRUE but SIDS also. ALTE and BRUE are generally due to underlying conditions that are not detectable in SIDS infants. A true relationship between these conditions has never been demonstrated. Use of home cardiorespiratory monitor is not recommended for SIDS, whereas it could be suggested for children with previous ALTE or severe BRUE or who are at risk of the development of these conditions. However, use of home cardiorespiratory monitors assumes that family members know the advantages and limitations of these devices after adequate education and instruction in their use.

Clinical Impact of Aspergillus fumigatus in Children with Cystic Fibrosis.

Background. The clinical relevance of Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) in cystic fibrosis (CF) is controversial. The aims of the study were to assess the prevalence of Af disease in our cohort of CF patients and evaluate whether allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and sensitization to Af affected lung function, body mass index (BMI) and exacerbations. Methods. Clinical data and lung function of CF patients aged 6−18 years followed at the CF Centre of Parma (Italy) were recorded. Patients were classified as: patients with no signs of Af, patients sensitized or colonized by Af, patients with ABPA or patients with Aspergillus bronchitis (Ab). Results. Of 38 CF patients (14.2 years (6.2−18.8) M 23), 8 (21%) showed Af sensitization, 7 (18.4%) showed ABPA, 1 (2.6%) showed Af colonization and 1 (2.6%) showed Ab. Compared to non-ABPA, patients with ABPA had lower BMI (15.9 ± 1.6 vs. 19.7 ± 3.4, p < 0.005), lower lung function (FEV1 61.5 ± 25.9% vs. 92.3 ± 19.3%, p < 0.001) and more exacerbations/year (4.43 ± 2.44 vs. 1.74 ± 2.33, p < 0.005). Patients with Af sensitization showed more exacerbations/year than non-Af patients (3.5 ± 3.2 vs. 0.9 ± 1.2, p < 0.005). ABPA and sensitized patients had more abnormalities on chest CT scans. Conclusion. This study showed the relevant clinical impact of ABPA and Af sensitization in terms of exacerbations and lung structural damage.

Antibiotic Resistance in Paediatric Febrile Urinary Tract Infections.

Febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) is currently considered the most frequent cause of serious bacterial illness in children in the first 2 years of life. UTI in paediatrics can irreversibly damage the renal parenchyma and lead to chronic renal insufficiency and related problems. To avoid this risk, an early effective antibiotic treatment is essential. Moreover, prompt treatment is mandatory to improve the clinical condition of the patient, prevent bacteraemia, and avoid the risk of bacterial localization in other body sites. However, antibiotic resistance for UTI-related bacterial pathogens continuously increases, making recommendations rapidly outdated and the definition of the best empiric antibiotic therapy more difficult. Variation in pathogen susceptibility to antibiotics is essential for the choice of an effective therapy. Moreover, proper identification of cases at increased risk of difficult-to-treat UTIs can reduce the risk of ineffective therapy. In this review, the problem of emerging antibiotic resistance among pathogens associated with the development of paediatric febrile UTIs and the best potential solutions to ensure the most effective therapy are discussed. Literature analysis showed that the emergence of antibiotic resistance is an unavoidable phenomenon closely correlated with the use of antibiotics themselves. To limit the emergence of resistance, every effort to reduce and rationalise antibiotic consumption must be made. An increased use of antibiotic stewardship can be greatly effective in this regard.

A Case of Atypical Bartonellosis in a 4-Year-Old Immunocompetent Child.

In most cases, infection due to Bartonella henselae causes a mild disease presenting with a regional lymphadenopathy frequently associated with a low-grade fever, headache, poor appetite and exhaustion that spontaneously resolves itself in a few weeks. As the infection is generally transmitted by cats through scratching or biting, the disease is named cat scratch disease (CSD). However, in 5-20% of cases, mainly in immunocompromised patients, systemic involvement can occur and CSD may result in major illness. This report describes a case of systemic CSD diagnosed in an immunocompetent 4-year-old child that can be used as an example of the problems that pediatricians must solve to reach a diagnosis of atypical CSD. Despite the child's lack of history suggesting any contact with cats and the absence of regional lymphadenopathy, the presence of a high fever, deterioration of their general condition, increased inflammatory biomarkers, hepatosplenic lesions (i.e., multiple abscesses), pericardial effusion with mild mitral valve regurgitation and a mild dilatation of the proximal and medial portion of the right coronary artery, seroconversion for B. henselae (IgG 1:256) supported the diagnosis of atypical CSD. Administration of oral azithromycin was initiated (10 mg/kg/die for 3 days) with a progressive normalization of clinical, laboratory and US hepatosplenic and cardiac findings. This case shows that the diagnosis of atypical CSD is challenging. The nonspecific, composite and variable clinical features of this disease require a careful evaluation in order to achieve a precise diagnosis and to avoid both a delayed diagnosis and therapy with a risk of negative evolution.