Leveraging mobile phone surveys during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador and Sri Lanka: Methods, timeline and findings.

Effective and rapid decision making during a pandemic requires data not only about infections, but also about human behavior. Mobile phone surveys (MPS) offer the opportunity to collect real-time data on behavior, exposure, knowledge, and perception, as well as care and treatment to inform decision making. The surveys aimed to collect coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related information in Ecuador and Sri Lanka using mobile phones. In Ecuador, a Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) survey was conducted. In Sri Lanka, an evaluation of a novel medicine delivery system was conducted. Using the established mobile network operator channels and technical assistance provided through The Bloomberg Philanthropies Data for Health Initiative (D4H), Ministries of Health fielded a population-based COVID-19-specific MPS using Surveda, the open source data collection tool developed as part of the initiative. A total of 1,185 adults in Ecuador completed the MPS in 14 days. A total of 5,001 adults over the age of 35 in Sri Lanka completed the MPS in 44 days. Both samples were adjusted to the 2019 United Nations Population Estimates to produce population-based estimates by age and sex. The Ecuador COVID-19 MPS found that there was compliance with the mitigation strategies implemented in that country. Overall, 96.5% of Ecuadorians reported wearing a face mask or face covering when leaving home. Overall, 3.8% of Sri Lankans used the service to receive medicines from a government clinic. Among those who used the medicine delivery service in Sri Lanka, 95.8% of those who used a private pharmacy received their medications within one week, and 69.9% of those using a government clinic reported the same. These studies demonstrate that MPS can be conducted quickly and gather essential data. MPS can help monitor the impact of interventions and programs, and rapidly identify what works in mitigating the impact of COVID-19.

The canadian health system and its financing / El sistema de salud del Canadá y su financiamiento

This work stems from a brief visit in 1993 to the Canadian health services as part of the PAHO International Health Training Program and the subsequent research, discussion, and analysis relating to that experience. By no means is this paper an exhaustive account of the system, but rather a close look at one of its aspects: financing. The main objective is to identify some of the virtues and limitations of a health system that is considered one of the most efficient, effective, and equitable in the world. Although the Canadian health system is financed by the federal government and the provincial governments, cost containment is a constant concern, since factors such as the growing use of highly complex technologies, hospital care, and long-term treatment of chronic and degenerative illnesses tend to increase costs. The progressive reduction in the federal budget has led to more efficient use of resources and the rationalization of installed capacity. At the same time, the relative simplicity of the system's operation has permitted administrative costs to be kept low. In addition, alternative forms of care, such as local centers for community-based care, care at home and in special institutions to promote the maximum level of self-sufficiency, and the use of volunteers, have been devised in order to partially control cost increases. The people's participation in planning and decision-making permit them to guide the development of the health services. Nevertheless, given the current situation, it is essential that the system be modified to prepare it for the challenges the twenty-first century will bring

El presente trabajo es el fruto de una breve visita realizada en 1993 a los servicios de salud de Canadá como parte del Programa de Formación en Salud Internacional de la OPS, y de un subsiguiente ejercicio de investigación, discusión y análisis. No pretende en modo alguno ser exhaustivo, sino más bien aproximarse a uno de los aspectos relevantes del sistema: su financiamiento. El objetivo central es identificar algunas de las virtudes y limitaciones de un sistema de salud que se considera de los más eficientes, efectivos y equitativos del mundo. A pesar de que el gobierno federal y los gobiernos provinciales financian el sistema de salud canadiense, la contención de costos es una preocupación constante, ya que factores como el uso creciente de tecnologías de alta complejidad, la atención hospitalaria y el tratamiento prolongado de las enfermedades crónicas y degenerativas contribuyen a aumentar los costos. La progresiva reducción del presupuesto federal ha llevado a un uso más eficiente de los recursos y a la racionalización de la capacidad instalada. Asimismo, la relativa sencillez con que funciona el sistema ha permitido mantener bajos los costos administrativos. Además, se han ideado otras formas de atención, como los centros locales de atención comunitaria, la atención domiciliaria y en asilos para promover la autosuficiencia en la medida de lo posible, y el uso de personal voluntario, para controlar parcialmente el incremento de los costos. La participación de la población en la planificación de los servicios de salud y en la toma de decisiones le permite orientar su desarrollo. Dada la situación actual, resulta imprescindible, sin embargo, modificar el sistema para adecuarlo a los desafíos planteados por el siglo XXI

El sistema de salud del Canadá y su financiamiento / The Canadian health system and its financing

This work stems from a brief visit in 1993 to the Canadian health services as part of the PAHO International Health Training Program and the subsequent research, discussion, and analysis relating to that experience. By no means is this paper an exhaustive account of the system, but rather a close look at one of its aspects: financing. The main objective is to identify some of the virtues and limitations of a health system that is considered one of the most efficient, effective, and equitable in the world. Although the Canadian health system is financed by the federal government and the provincial governments, cost containment is a constant concern, since factors such as the growing use of highly complex technologies, hospital care, and long-term treatment of chronic and degenerative illnesses tend to increase costs. The progressive reduction in the federal budget has lead to more efficient use of resources and the rationalization of installed capacity. At the same time, the relative simplicity of the system's operation has permitted administrative costs to be kept low. In addition, alternative forms of care, such as local centers for community-based care, care at home and in special institutions to promote the maximum level of selfsufficiency, and the use of volunteers, have been devised in order to partially control cost increases. The people's participation in planning and decision-making permit them to guide the development of the health services. Nevertheless, given the current situation, it is essential that the system be modified to prepare it for the challenges the twenty-first century will bring

El presente trabajo es el fruto de una breve visita realizada en 1993 a los servicios de salud de Canadá como parte del Programa de Formación en Salud Internacional de la OPS, y de un subsiguiente ejercicio de investigación, discusión y análisis. No pretende en modo alguno ser exhaustivo, sino más bien aproximarse a uno de los aspectos relevantes del sistema: su financiamiento. El objetivo central es identificar algunas de las virtudes y limitaciones de un sistema de salud que se considera de los más eficientes, efectivos y equitativos del mundo. A pesar de que el gobierno federal y los gobiernos provinciales financian el sistema de salud canadiense, la contención de costos es una preocupación constante, ya que factores como el uso creciente de tecnologías de alta complejidad, la atención hospitalaria y el tratamiento prolongado de las enfermedades crónicas y degenerativas contribuyen a aumentar los costos. La progresiva reducción del presupuesto federal ha llevado a un uso más eficiente de los recursos y a la racionalización de la capacidad instalada. Asimismo, la relativa sencillez con que funciona el sistema ha permitido mantener bajos los costos administrativos. Además, se han ideado otras formas de atención, como los centros locales de atención comunitaria, la atención domiciliaria y en asilos para promover la autosuficiencia en la medida de lo posible, y el uso de personal voluntario, para controlar parcialmente el incremento de los costos. La participación de la población en la planificación de los servicios de salud y en la toma de decisiones le permite orientar su desarrollo. Dada la situación actual, resulta imprescindible, sin embargo, modificar el sistema para adecuarlo a los desafíos planteados por el siglo XXI.