General and body-related self-conscious emotions predict facets of restrictive eating in undergraduate women.

It is well understood that mood intolerance is a predictor of eating disorder (ED) symptoms. However, it is unclear whether intolerance of specific emotional experiences predicts ED symptoms. The current study used an ecological momentary assessment design to assess associations between the intensity and intolerance of general and body-related self-conscious emotions and facets of restrictive eating. Participants were 151 female undergraduate students (Mage = 18.99, SD = 1.30 years) who completed six surveys per day for 10 consecutive days. Participants reported on the intensity and intolerance of general and body-related shame, guilt, envy, and embarrassment and cognitive restraint (thoughts about restrictive eating) and behavioral restriction (act of restrictive eating) facets of restrictive eating. Data were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Based on the between-person findings, participants higher on intensity and intolerance of general and body-related self-conscious emotions experienced higher levels of cognitive restraint and behavioral restriction relative to individuals with lower levels of the emotion intensity and intolerance predictors on average. Based on the within-person findings, experiencing a higher intolerance of body-related self-conscious emotions compared to one's average was particularly important when examining behavioral restriction. Experiencing a higher intolerance of body-related envy was able to predict increased behavioral restriction at the time of the next report. These findings may inform tailored treatment targets for mood intolerance and restrictive eating.

Internalized weight stigma and the relationship between weight perception and negative body-related self-conscious emotions.

Individuals who perceive themselves as "overweight" experience higher negative body-related self-conscious emotions than those who do not. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests internalized weight stigma may be an important mediator of the relationship between weight perception and self-conscious emotions. Overcoming common measurement limitations and sampling limitations, the present study investigated whether gender moderates the associations among weight perceptions, internalized weight stigma, and negative body-related self-conscious emotions in 104 young adults (64 % women). Individuals who perceived themselves as too heavy (52 %) experienced higher body-related shame and guilt compared to those who perceived themselves as about right. Internalized weight stigma mediated these associations in women but not men, such that perceiving oneself as too heavy was associated with higher internalized weight stigma, which was associated with higher body-related shame and guilt in women. Results underscore the importance of internalized weight stigma as a potential target for intervention among women of diverse weight statuses who are prone to experiencing body-related shame and guilt.

The Associations Between Self-Perceived Actual and Ideal Body Sizes and Physical Activity Among Early Adolescents.

PURPOSE: This study examined the association between self-perceived actual and ideal body sizes and objectively assessed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among adolescents, controlling for puberty, fat mass index, and sex. A secondary objective was to explore the association between objectively assessed fat mass index and MVPA. METHODS: Participants were 438 early adolescents (Mage = 11.61, SD = 0.92). Participants selected body sizes that represented their self-perceived actual and ideal bodies. Participants then wore an accelerometer for 1 week to assess MVPA. Polynomial regression analysis with response surface methods was used to explore MVPA in relation to the discrepancy and agreement (ie, no discrepancy) between self-perceived actual and ideal body sizes. RESULTS: When self-perceived actual and ideal body sizes were in agreement and represented smaller and larger bodies, MVPA was low. Participants with similar self-perceived actual and ideal bodies in the middle of the body-size spectrum demonstrated the highest levels of MVPA. The direction and degree of the discrepancy between self-perceived actual and ideal bodies were not significantly associated with MVPA. Fat mass index was significantly and negatively associated with MVPA. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may inform physical activity promotion programs and provide methodological contributions to the study of how body image and MVPA are related.

Evaluating the associations between personality psychopathology and heterogeneous eating disorder behaviors: A dimensional approach.

Studies examining the associations between categorical assessments of eating disorders (ED) and personality have produced some inconsistent findings. The present study aimed to clarify these inconsistencies by implementing a dimensional approach when assessing ED behaviors and personality psychopathology. Associations between pathological personality trait facets and heterogeneous ED behaviors (i.e., restriction, compensatory behaviors, and binge eating) were examined. Participants were 570 community adults (247 women) recruited through Mechanical Turk. The Personality Inventory for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (PID-5), was used to assess the pathological personality trait facets. Items from two validated eating pathology scales were used to measure ED behaviors. Two structural equation models-an exploratory model and a theoretical model-were tested for each ED behavior. The exploratory model allowed all PID-5 personality facets to predict the ED behaviors. The theoretical models estimated paths from specific PID-5 facets to the ED behaviors. The theoretical model was an attempt to corroborate previous literature where distinct personality profiles have distinguished individuals with different EDs. The theoretical model was considered the most parsimonious model for all three ED behaviors, and each theoretical model revealed a pattern of significant associations with personality trait facets-restriction was significantly associated with higher rigid perfectionism, and binge eating was significantly associated with higher impulsivity and anxiousness. Only the significant associations with binge eating remained statistically significant when men and women were examined separately. When a dimensional model is applied, significant relationships emerge between heterogeneous ED behaviors and PID-5 trait facets. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Validation of Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) algorithms to assess ICD-11 personality trait domains in a psychiatric sample.

The International Classification of Disease (11th ed.; ICD-11) personality disorder (PD) proposal characterizes personality psychopathology using an overall impairment severity dimension as well as dysfunctional personality style on the basis of five trait domain qualifiers: Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Dissociality, Disinhibition, and Anankastia. Recent research has indicated that trait facet scales from the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) can be used to index these five broad domains with promising construct validity. Our goal in the current study was to validate the PID-5 algorithms for the five ICD-11 trait domains with some minor adjustments based on the updated ICD-11 text. To this end, we used 343 psychiatric outpatients from a large Canadian metropolitan area, who had completed the PID-5, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders-Personality Questionnaire, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form, and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. The factor structure of the ICD-11 domains was upheld, as expected, and associations with external measures of five-factor model and Personality Psychopathology Five personality traits as well as PD symptom counts adhered to a conceptually expected pattern. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Barbie's new look: Exploring cognitive body representation among female children and adolescents.

The original Barbie doll's unrealistic body shape can negatively affect young girls' body image. Mattel produced new Barbie dolls with "tall", "curvy", and "petite" body types, yet how girls perceive and evaluate the three new Barbie body types remains unknown. This study investigated whether young girls engage in an automatic "self-other matching" process when viewing the different Barbie doll representations. Female children and adolescents (N = 38; Mage = 10; 6-14 years old; SD = 2.24 years) completed a body-part compatibility task to provide an index of how they implicitly relate cognitive representations of their own body to the different doll images. Significant (p < .05) body-part compatibility effects emerged for the original, curvy and petite dolls, but not for the tall Barbie. These findings indicate that girls engage in a self-other body matching process when viewing Barbie, but that the strength of this matching is influenced by the doll's body type. Results provide new evidence on the underlying cognitive mechanisms that occur when girls are exposed to physique-salient toys, and may have implications for young girls' body image development and use of appearance-based social comparisons.

Self-esteem moderates the associations between body-related self-conscious emotions and depressive symptoms.

The objectives of this study were to describe the cross-sectional associations between body-related self-conscious emotions and depressive symptoms in young adults and examine self-esteem as a moderator of these associations. Data from a population-based sample of 811 young adults were analyzed using hierarchical multivariate linear regression analysis. Body-related shame ( ß = .26) and guilt ( ß = .25) were positively related to frequency of depressive symptoms. Self-esteem was negatively related to frequency of depressive symptoms ( ß = -.46). Self-esteem moderated the association between body-related guilt and frequency of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest promoting self-esteem may help to reduce the negative effects of body-related guilt on depressive symptoms.

"I am a fat baby, who moved to a fat child, who moved to a fat teenager, who moved to a fat adult": Women's reflections of a lifetime of body and weight concern.

The present study explored how women aged 50-65 years reflect and make meaning of a lifetime of body and weight struggles. Seven purposefully selected women with longstanding body image challenges participated in interviews and reflected on their perceptions, thoughts, and emotions around their body and weight since childhood. Findings revealed consistent and consuming concerns about the body; prevalent body-related self-conscious emotions; influential social experiences that impact physical self-perceptions; and enduring impacts of weight bias, stigma, and discrimination. Collectively, these findings provide support for the stability of body disturbances and highlight the need to explore the unique body-related narratives of women in midlife.

Body checking is associated with weight- and body-related shame and weight- and body-related guilt among men and women.

This study examined whether body checking was a correlate of weight- and body-related shame and guilt for men and women. Participants were 537 adults (386 women) between the ages of 17 and 74 (Mage=28.29, SD=14.63). Preliminary analyses showed women reported significantly more body-checking (p<.001), weight- and body-related shame (p<.001), and weight- and body-related guilt (p<.001) than men. In sex-stratified hierarchical linear regression models, body checking was significantly and positively associated with weight- and body-related shame (R2=.29 and .43, p<.001) and weight- and body-related guilt (R2=.34 and .45, p<.001) for men and women, respectively. Based on these findings, body checking is associated with negative weight- and body-related self-conscious emotions. Intervention and prevention efforts aimed at reducing negative weight- and body-related self-conscious emotions should consider focusing on body checking for adult men and women.

Body Image Self-Discrepancy and Depressive Symptoms Among Early Adolescents.

PURPOSE: This study examined whether body image self-discrepancy was a correlate of depressive symptoms among 556 early adolescents (45% girls; Mage = 11.65, SD = .94 years). METHODS: Participants completed self-report measures of their self-perceived actual and ideal body shapes and depressive symptoms. Sex-stratified polynomial regressions were used to examine the associations between depressive symptoms and (1) agreement (i.e., similar actual and ideal body shapes); (2) discrepancy (i.e., different actual and ideal body shapes); (3) direction of discrepancy (i.e., actual > ideal or actual < ideal); and (4) degree of discrepancy (i.e., how different actual and ideal body self-perceptions are). RESULTS: For both sexes, depressive symptoms were more frequent when the direction of the discrepancy was such that participants perceived their actual body was larger than their ideal body. Furthermore, depressive symptoms were more frequent when the degree of the discrepancy between actual and ideal body shape perceptions was larger. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, body image self-discrepancy may be a risk factor for depressive symptoms among early adolescents.