[Functions of peritoneal macrophages during adaptation to dosed heat factor]. / Issledovanie funktsii peritoneal'nykh makrofagov pri adaptatsii organizma k dozirovannomu teplovomu faktoru.

Experiments on mice were made to study functional activity of peritoneal macrophages in adaptation of the animals to dosed heat factor by a phagocytic ability of the cells, chemiluminescence (CL), activity of acid phosphatase and phagocyte production of lymphocyte-activating factors (LAF). Daily overheating of mice (20 min, 43-44 degrees C) for 5, 10, 20 and 30 days resulted in suppression of macrophage function. The deepest depression of phagocyte functional activity was observed on overheating day 10-20. This was evident from subnormal phagocytic ability of the cells, suppression of CL response and activity of acid macrophage phosphatase, low production of LAF. Thermotraining led to recovery of macrophage function as the studied parameters returned to control 40 days after overheating onset.

[The role of sphingomyelin cycle products in development of apoptosis mediated by Fas receptors and tumor necrosis factor alpha]. / Rol' produktov sfingomielinovogo tsikla v razvitii apoptoza, indutsirovannogo cherez retseptory Fas, i faktora nekrosa opukholi al'fa.

Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a cell suicide developing according to a specific program, in which the sphingomyelin cycle products, ceramide and sphingosine, play the central role. The present review provides published data and the authors' results suggesting that the content of ceramide and sphingosine in the cell is controlled by the tumor necrosis factor alpha and activators of Fas receptor. The results of many experiments confirmed that the sphingomyelin cycle products induce cells death by the apoptotic pathway and enhance induced apoptosis. Ceramide and sphingosine regulate the activity of enzymes involved in transduction of apoptosis signal (protein kinases. Phosphatases, and proteases) and act as second messengers in transduction of the apoptosis signal.

[Immunologic response of the body in thyroid gland involvement due to incorporation of varying doses of 131I]. / Immunologicheskie reaktsii organizma pri porazhenii shchitovidnoi zhelezy, vyzvannom inkorporirovaniem razlichnykh doz 131I.

The body's immunological responses were examined in thyroid damage caused by the incorporation of varying 131I doses. The in-take of 131I in doses of 37, 74, and 148 KBc/g body weight caused reductions in the murine blood concentrations of thyroxin following 30, 60, and 180 days. The blood levels of triiodothyronine decreased 180 days after administration of 131I in a dose of 74 KBc/g body weight and 30, 60, and 180 days after incorporation of the radioisotope in a dose of 148 KBk/g body weight. Decreased concentrations of the both hormones were followed by the suppression of a humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells, diminished cell-mediated immunity in the mixed culture of lymphocytes. The inhibition of immune responses was correlated with the changes in the level of triiodothyronine.

[The circulation of the California encephalitis complex and Batai viruses in the Lake Baikal region (serological research data)]. / O tsirkuliatsii virusov kompleksa kaliforniiskogo éntsefalita i Batai v Pribaikal'e (dannye serologicheskikh issledovanii).

The serological materials of the indigenous population and cattle suggest that there are viral foci of a complex of California encephalitis with the circulation of viruses of Inkoo, Tahyna [correction of Tyagin], and the white hare. The results of examining the residents of Irkutsk also suggest that there are urban viral foci of a complex of California encephalitis. The epidemiological potential of the natural foci of Batai virus is insignificant in the Baikal region.

[The effect of CO2 on the blocking of excitation conduction by local anesthetics in feline A-delta and C fibers]. / Vliianie CO2 na blokirovanie provedeniia vozbuzhdeniia mestnymi anestetikami v A-del'ta- i C-voloknakh koshek.

The data obtained showed that the CO2 potentiated the conduction blockade of the saphenous nerve with tertiary amine trimecaine in anesthetised cats. The data suggests that acidification of cytoplasm with increased CO2 increases the concentration of active cationic protonated forms of a local anesthetic agent.

[Correlation of cytotoxic activity of mutant forms of tumor necrosis factor alpha with changes in the level of free sphingosine in murine liver]. / Korreliatsiia tsitotoksicheskoi aktivnosti mutantnykh form faktora nekroza opukholei-alpha s izmeneniem urovnia svobodnogo sfingozina v pecheni myshei.

Sphingosine, the product of enzymatic degradation of sphingomyelin, displays a high cytotoxic activity and is accumulated in animal organs under the action of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF alpha). To elucidate the role of sphingosine in the realization of TNF cytotoxicity, TNF mutants were obtained which differed in their cytotoxic action on L929 cells. The wild strain of TNF and the mutant having a deletion in position 67-71 displayed the highest toxicity and sharply stimulated sphingosine accumulation in mouse hepatocytes. A moderate increase in the sphingosine content was induced by mutants with point and double mutations in positions E127Q, I155L and V150I displaying a much lower toxicity in comparison with the wild strain. The toxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of sphingosine were investigated. Despite the high degree of cytotoxicity, sphingosine did not display any mutagenic activity but had a pronounced antimutagenic effect on E. coli cells. The role of phospholipid enzymatic degradation products in activation of sphingomyelin cycle enzymes stimulating of sphingosine accumulation in animal cells under the action of TNF alpha is discussed.

[Modulation of the level of sphingomyelin cycle products and expression of the CD3 receptor in immunocompetent organs by fumonisin B1]. / Moduliatsiia fumonizinom B1 soderzhaniia produktov sfingomielinovogo tsikla i ékspressii retseptora CD3 v immunokompetentnykh organakh.

The fungi (Fusarium moniliforme) residing on cereals produce a broad range of mycotoxins, among which fumonisins display a high toxicity alongside with carcinogenic and teratogenic activities. Taking into account the ability of fumonisins to inhibit sphingolipid synthesis, the role of sphingomyelin cycle products in immune reactions was studied with the view of establishing the correlation between the expression of the surface receptor CD3 in immunocompetent organs (spleen, thymus) (T-cell mediated immunity) and the degree of sphingomyelin cycle activation (changes in the activities of sphingomyelinase and sphingomyelin and ceramide content) in the spleen, thymus and liver 2.5 hours after intraperitoneal injection of fumonisin B1 (FB1) (5 and 20 micrograms/animal). Significant sphingomyelinase activation was found in the thymus of animals injected with 20 micrograms of fumonisin. It coincides with a loss of the sphingomyelin and ceramide content. The changes in the sphingomyelinase activity and sphingomyelin content in the spleen and in the liver caused by fumonisin were insignificant, while the ceramide content dropped drastically. Fumonisin decreased the receptor CD3 expression on the surface of thymus cells "in vitro" and "in vivo", which is consistent with the sharp decrease of the ceramide content in this organ. Ceramide accumulation in thymus and spleen cells treated with sphingomyelinase in vitro correlates with the increased affinity of receptor CD3. The putative role of ceramide in the expression of receptors modulating T-cell mediated immunity under the influence of fumonisin is discussed.

[Effect of total exogenous hyperthermia on the activity of natural killer cells]. / Vliianie obshchei ékzogennoi gipertermii na aktivnost' estestvennykh killernykh kletok.

Murine experiments were undertaken to study the impact of acute and chronic exogenous hyperthermia on the functional activity of natural killers. Single hyperthermia of the animals up to 42 degrees C and thermal shock stages were shown to be followed by suppressed activities of natural killer cells. Daily hyperthermia at 43-44 degrees C for 20 min during 3, 5, and 10 days was characterized by the depressed functional activity of natural killers. Hyperthermia for 20 and 30 days revealed no changes in the activity of natural killer cells. It can be assumed that there is a decrease in antitumor responses of the body in acute hyperthermia and in early chronic hyperthermia.

[Cellular and humoral immunity in general exogenous hyperthermia]. / Sostoianie kletochnogo i gumoral'nogo immuniteta pri obshchei ékzogennoi gipertermii.

The proliferative activity of splenic cells (SC) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and alloantigens, as well as the immune response to sheep red cells (SRS) were investigated in mice undergoing hyperthermia. There was an increase in the proliferative activity of SC to mitogens and alloantigens in mice having a rectal temperature of 42 degrees C once. The thermal shock was accompanied by the suppression of proliferative responses of SB to mitogens and alloantigens in mice. There was a decreased immune response of lymphocytes to SRC in the mice. The suppression of proliferative activities of lymphocytes to mitogens and alloantigens was found at days 10-30 in mice undergoing hyperthermia (43-44 degrees C) for 20 minutes daily. There was a lower immune response to SRC in mice at days 5-20. No changes of immune responses were found on day 40 post-induction of hyperthermia in mice.

[The effect of exogenous whole-body hyperthermia on humoral immunity]. / Vliianie obshchei ékzogennoi gipertermii na sostoianie gumoral'nogo immuniteta.

We investigated the proliferative responses of spleen cells (SC) to polyclonal mitogens lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), immune responses to sheep red cells (SRC) in mice undergoing hyperthermia. There were increased proliferative responses of lymphocytes to PWM if we used mice having rectal temperature 42 degrees C. Thermal shock in mice was accompanied by suppression of immune response. If we used mice suffering from hyperthermia (43-44 degrees C) for 20 minutes; there were decreased proliferative responses of lymphocytes to PWM or LPS for 10-30 days. We observed low immune response to sheep red cells in mice for 5-20 days. The changes of immune response were not revealed on the 40th day after induction of hyperthermia in mice.

[The effect of a high external temperature on cellular immunity]. / Vliianie vysokoi vneshnei temperatury na sostoianie kletochnogo immuniteta.

The study was made of spleen cells proliferative response to mitogens PHA, Con A or alloantigens in relation to hyperthermia effects. Acute hyperthermia (rectal temperature 42 degrees) enhanced lymphocyte function, proliferative responses to allo-antigens, PHA and Con A increased. Thermal shock was associated with suppression of the spleen cell response. Mice suffering from hyperthermia for 20 min (43-44 degrees) daily during 10, 20 and 30 days showed suppressed T-cell immune response. Normal splenocyte proliferation recovered 40 days after hyperthermia induction.