[The neurochemical, molecular and ultrastructural mechanisms of the formation of latent postresuscitation encephalopathy]. / Neirokhimicheskie, molekuliarnye i ul'trastrukturnye mekhanizmy formirovaniia skrytoi postreanimatsionnoi éntsefalopatii.

The content of total RNA and DNA, activity of Ca2+, Mg(2+)-dependent DNA endonuclease, and ultrastructural changes in nerve tissue cells were examined in the brain cortex of narcotized dogs 1 to 3 months after a 4-hour hemorrhagic shock (arterial pressure 40 mm Hg). A new variant of reconstruction of cell membranes and organelles formed by them was revealed, developing in the brain neurons in the course of adaptation during the first-third months of the postshock period. Evidently, the molecular base of development of an atypical variant of cell structure rearrangement in the remote period after shock is the internucleosomal fragmentation of a part of the DNA of nerve cells resultant from DNA endonucleolysis and subsequent information disintegration of a cell as a system. This distorts the process of biosynthesis of supramolecular ensembles, specifically, of nerve cell biomembranes.

[Significance of DNA endonucleases in the pathogenesis of ischemic lesion of the brain during massive hemorrhage]. / Znachenie DNK-éndonukleoliza v patogeneze ishemicheskogo porazheniia mozga pri massivnoi krovopotere.

Experiments on dogs exposed to hemorrhagic shock demonstrated a direct relationship between the duration of arterial hypertension and activities of Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-dependent DNA-endonucleases in the cellular nuclei of the cerebral cortex. Appreciable differences in the kinetics of accumulation of acid-soluble products of DNA chromatin in the cellular nuclei of the cerebral cortex were detected: chromatin DNA degradation was the most rapid in the nervous tissue of dogs exposed to 6 h hemorrhagic shock. Verapamil, a Ca blocker, injected to animals 30 min before massive hemorrhage in a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, reliably reduced the activities of Ca(2+)--Mg(2+)-dependent endonucleases of the cellular nuclei of the cerebral cortex by the 4th h of hemorrhagic shock. The detected physicochemical changes in the chromatin DNA of the cerebral cortex cellular nuclei and a progressive increase of activities of Ca(2+)--Mg(2+)-dependent endonucleases during a prolonged hemorrhagic shock are by their nature close to the phenomenon of genomic programmed cellular death.

[Molecular and cellular mechanisms of ischemic damage of the brain in hemorrhagic shock]. / Molekuliarnye i kletochnye mekhanizmy ishemicheskogo povrezhdeniia mozga pri gemorragicheskom shoke.

General lightening of caryoplasma, the appearance of destructive areas in which electron-optic density was undetectable, ruptures in chromatin chains, changes in the nature of structural organization of euchromatic areas at the expense of density redistribution have been found in the nuclei of brain cortex oligodendrogliocytes and astrocytes by electron microscopy of caryoplasma of the nuclei from light neurons during experiments on anesthetized adult mongrel dogs weighing 9 to 26 kg recovered after a 4-hour hemorrhagic shock (BP 40 mm Hg). The nuclei of dark neurons and oligodendrogliocytes had matrix structure similar to control. The nuclei of astrocytes had marked matrix lightening with the formation of large zones in which electron-optic density was undetectable. It is evident that the degree of chromatin destruction in different neurons was not identical in hemorrhagic shock and depended on the functional neuronal activity. It has been established that there is a significant increase in the activity of nuclear Ca2+, Mg(2+)-depended endonucleases associated with chromatin and irreversibly cleaving ds- and ss-chromatin DNA chains. We believe that an increase in Ca2+, Mg(2+)-depended DNA-endonuclease activity should be considered an important pathogenetic factor in destructive processes that take place in the nuclei of brain cortex neurons in severe hemorrhagic shock.

Metabolic and ultrastructural characteristics of biosynthetic processes in the cerebral cortex at 3 months following a prolonged hemorrhagic shock.

Biochemical indicators (the content of ATP, total RNA and DNA, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity) and ultrastructural changes in cells of the nerve tissue were studied in the cerebral cortex of anesthetized dogs 3 months after they had sustained a 4-h hemorrhagic shock (arterial pressure = 40 mmHg). A new variant of reconstruction of cell membranes and organelles that develops in neurons and gliocytes of the brain in the process of adaptation 3 months after resuscitation is identified. This reconstruction variant is described by (a) the presence of a monolayer of a substance with a medium electron density with the incorporated dense granules instead of the common three-layer organisation; (b) the ability displayed by the organellar structure to detect "errors" in its organisation; (c) changes in the character of intercellular relations. The development of this variant of cell structure in the postresuscitation period is likely to be based on the information disintegration of a cell as a system, resulting in distortion of biosynthesis of supracellular ensembles and biological membranes of nerve cells in particular.

[Ultrastructural localization of lactate dehydrogenase activity in the brain cells of human embryos]. / Ul'trastrukturnaia lokalizatsiia aktivnosti laktatdegidrogenazy v kletkakh golovnogo mozga émbrionov cheloveka.

Results of studying the ultrastructural localization of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the brain neuroectodermal cells of 7-11-week-old human embryos are presented. Young neurons and glioblasts display marked LDH activity. The reaction product is more frequently found in young neurons as compared to glioblasts. The number of active glial cells grows with embryonic development. The use of different incubation media makes it possible to differentiate the LDH-associated activity from the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, which oxidizes the endogenous tissue substrate. LDH is localized in mitochondria and hyaloplasm, while the activity in the plasma membranes and lamellar structures (detected by the ferrocyanide method) is largely related to succinate dehydrogenase functioning.

[Relationship between ultrastructural pathology of the embryonal brain and features of the course and treatment of schizophrenic mothers]. / Zavisimost' mezhdu ul'trastrukturnoi patologiei mozga émbrionov i osobennostiami techeniia zabolevaniia i lecheniia materei, stradaiushchikh shizofreniei.

Evaluation of the ultrastructural changes in embryonic brain cells was made according to the intensity of two complexes--destructive and compensatory-proliferative. They were correlated with a number of clinical parameters (features of mother's disease, the condition at the moment of abortion, peculiarities of treatment, etc.). It was established that for schizophrenia, unlike other diseases, the compensatory-proliferative complex of changes is more typical. The most pronounced changes in brain ultrastructures were noted in embryos of the patients with acute psychotic states or in the decompensation stage in psychopathlike schizophrenia course. No correlation between the form of the disease course and intensity of mother's treatment was established.

[Lamellar formations in the brain cells of embryos of schizophrenic mothers]. / Lamelliarnye obrazovaniia v kletkakh golovnogo mozga émbrionov pri shizofrenii u materei.

Studies of the embryo brain obtained during abortions in schizophrenic mothers detected certain ultrastructural traits in the nervous tissue cellular elements. One of the most striking traits is the general increase in the surface of the intracellular membrane which appears due to the premature development of the usually present cell organellas (cytoplasmatic network, lamellar apparatus, mitochondria) and as a result of the increased proliferation of the membranes leading to formation of peculiar membrane structures--lamellasomes. The enhanced membrane proliferation gives grounds to assume that the increase in the general synthetic activity is due to the development in pathological conditions of adaptational reactions, which however are quite distinctive. The data obtained indicate a substantial distortion of cellular differentiation in the brain embryo of schizophrenic mothers.

[Microglia-type cells in normal and pathologic human embryonic brains]. / Kletki tipa mikroglii v golovnom mozge émbrionov cheloveka v norme i patologii.

The brains of 7--12 week embryos, developing in normal and mentally ill females (normal--14, schizophrenia--12, other mental disorders--10) were studied by means of electron microscopy. It was established that the cells of the microglia type may be encountered in the brain of embryos beginning from 7 weeks. In the brain of embryos from normal females these cells had mainly a round or oval form (globose microglia). Axons were encountered relatively rarely. Some of the cells had protrusions of the pseudopodia-like type. In the brain of embryos from mentally ill females the cells of the microglia type have diverse, sometimes sticklike forms; they form multiple thin axons, actively fagocyte. The ultrastructure in such conditions was not destructed. These changes are considered to be the result of an increased activity of microglial cells under the influence of factors of the pathological process.

[Certain structural details of developing in vitro human embryonal brain explants studied with the aid of fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy]. / Nekotorye detali stroeniia razvivaiushchikhsia in vitro eksplantatov embrional'nogo golovnogo mozga cheloveka, izuchennye s pomoshch'iu prosvechivaiushchei i skaniruiushchei elektronnoi mikroskopii.

The bundles growing away from the explants were mainly formed by neuroblast processes. It has been shown that the degree of differentiation of neuroblasts depends on "the age" of embryonal brain. The bundles of neuroblasts are accompained by slightly differentiated cells, having their own processes descending to the surface of the lining. These processes attached to the surface of a bundle cover and have no connection with the inner structures of the bundle. The use of a scanning electron microscopy allows to detect some new details of the behaviour of nerve cells in vitro.

[Changes in the ultra-fine structure of capillaries of the embryonic brain in the presence of schizophrenia in the mother]. / Izmeneniia ul'tratonkogo stroeniia kapilliarov golovnogo mozga émbrionov pri shizofrenii u materei

The report is concerned with a study of fine structures of brain capillaries in 9 embryos received during medical abortions from schizophrenic mothers. The authors established some traits in the ultrastructure of endothelial cells in most of the studied cases--an increase of the surface of endothelial cells at the expense of a tortuosity of their plasmatic membranes and a formation of growths, vacuolization of the cytoplasma. There were also some changes in the structure of basal membranes. In 2 cases there were also peculiar pathological changes in the vascular endothelium: granules of an unknown nature in the endothelial cells and a focal lysis of the plasmatic membranes of endothelial cells.

[Ultrastructural features of brain cells from the embryos of schizophrenic women]. / Nekotorye ul'trastrukturnye osobennosti kletok golovnogo mozga émbrionov ot bol'nykh shizofreniei zhenshchin

With the use of the electron microscope the authors studied the embryonic brain tissue obtained during medical abortion of 6 female schizophrenic patients. Ultrastructural peculiarities of the cell elements in the embryonic brain in theses cases were estimated in comparison with those found in the embryonic brain of 14 mentally healthy women. There is a description of damages of membranes, mitochondrias and accumulation of granular material in the cytoplasma.