RESUMO
Dental caries is a multi-factorial infectious disease. The primary cause is dental plaque, a complex of biofilm. It was postulated that the ethanolic extract of fruite wall of acorn may represent a new substance to prevent caries. Hence, the study was performed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of fruite wall of acorn against biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans, which is associated with dental plaque. The cytotoxicity of the ethanolic extract was determined against Vero cells resulting in an inhibitory concentration of 50 (IC50) of 55 µg/ml. After bacterial collection, different concentrations under the IC50 from the extract were evaluated against biofilm formation of S. mutans. 3 µg/ml of the extract inhibited the biofilm formation of S. mutans, and 1 to 3 µg/ml caused a decrease in gtfB and brpA biofilm-production genes. This study showed the potency of the ethanolic extract of fruite wall of acorn against biofilm formation by S. mutans.
RESUMO
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Dental caries is a global health issue, which imposes a great deal on individuals and the community. PURPOSE: The main purpose of this study was to identify the dental caries status and/or DMFT/dmft data and its related factors in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The search performed in the online databases to identify all literature published up to Oct 2018. The random effects model was applied to pool analysis and verses. Funnel plots and Egger test used to examine publication bias. All analyses were carried out with R software version 3.2.1 and STATA (version 11.1). RESULTS: 69 studies selected as eligible for final analysis in which all subjects were in age range less than 18 years old except 4; so, all results and analyzes were only calculated in this age group. The total rate of dental caries was 72.8% (95%CI, 69.2-76.4%) and the mean of dental caries was 2.33 (95% CI, 2.12-2.54) based on DMFT values and 3.86 (95% CI, 3.49-4.22) based on the dmft values. These rates were almost similar in both sexes. In addition, these trend were higher in rural than urban regions. Subgroup analysis found a direct relationship between DMFT index and age, while the reverse was true for relationship between dmft and age. The mean dental caries were higher in children with low socioeconomic status, low family income, low educated and unemployed parents, crowded families, excessive carbohydrate intake, and less toothbrushes frequency. CONCLUSION: The present study showed high prevalence and experience of dental caries among children and adolescents (<18 years of age) in Iran. This illustrates ineffective oral health national preventive programs and lack of educational measures. New preventive procedures, practical educational programs, and modern therapeutic methods are needed to improve oral health status.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: Limited studies have shown antifibrotic effects of pentoxifylline, captopril, simvastatin, and tamoxifen. No comparisons are available of the effects of these drugs on prevention of renal and bladder changes in partial urethral obstruction (PUO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rats were divided into six groups (n=7). The sham-operated rats (group I) only underwent laparotomy and did not receive any treatments. The PUO groups (group II-VI) received normal saline (PUO+NS), pentoxifylline (100 mg/kg/d; PUO+PEN), captopril (35 mg/kg/d; PUO+CAP), simvastatin (15 mg/kg/d; PUO+SIM), or tamoxifen (10 mg/kg/d; PUO+TAM) by gavage for 28 days. Then, the volume and/or length of the kidney components (tubules, vessels, and fibrous tissue) and the bladder components (epithelial and muscular layers, fibrous tissue, fibroblast and fibrocyte number) were quantitatively evaluated on the microscopic sections by use of stereological techniques. RESULTS: The volume of renal and bladder fibrosis was significantly ameliorated in the PUO+PEN group, followed by the PUO+CAP, PUO+SIM, and PUO+TAM groups. Also, the volume and length of the renal tubules and vessels and bladder layers were more significantly protected in the PUO+PEN group, followed by the PUO+CAP, PUO+SIM, and PUO+TAM groups. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of PUO with PEN was more effective in the prevention of renal and bladder fibrosis and in the preservation of renal and bladder structures.
