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Endophytic fungi, residing within plants without causing disease, are known for their ability to produce bioactive metabolites with diverse properties such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and antifungal activities, while also influencing plant defense mechanisms. In this study, five novel endophytic fungi species were isolated from the leaves of Psychotria poeppigiana Müll. Arg., a plant from the Rubiaceae family, collected in the tropical Amazon region of Bolivia. The endophytic fungi were identified as a Neopestalotiopsis sp., three Penicillium sp., and an Aspergillus sp. through 18S ribosomal RNA sequencing and NCBI-BLAST analysis. Chemical profiling revealed that their extracts obtained by ethyl acetate contained terpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. In a bioautography study, the terpenes showed high antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. Notably, extracts from the three Penicillium species exhibited potent antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 62.5 to 2000 µg/mL against all three pathogens: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria). These findings highlight the potential of these endophytic fungi, especially Penicillium species as valuable sources of secondary metabolites with significant antibacterial activities, suggesting promising applications in medicine, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and environmental technologies.
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Previous results regarding the association between types of ß-blockers and outcomes in patients on hemodialysis (HD) were inconsistent. Our study aimed to evaluate patient survival according to the type of ß-blockers administered using a large sample of patients with maintenance HD. Our study included patients on maintenance HD patients from a national HD quality assessment program (n = 54,132). We divided included patients into four groups based on their use and type; Group 1 included patients without a prescription of ß-blockers, Group 2 included patients with a prescription of dialyzable and cardioselective ß-blockers, Group 3 included patients with a prescription of non-dialyzable and non-cardioselective ß-blockers, and Group 4 included patients with prescription of non-dialyzable and cardioselective ß-blockers. The number of patients in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 34,514, 2789, 15,808, and 1021, respectively. The 5-year survival rates in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 69.3%, 66.0%, 68.8%, and 69.2%, respectively. Univariate Cox regression analyses showed the hazard ratios to be 1.10 (95% CI, 1.04-1.17) in Group 2 and 1.05 (95% CI, 1.02-1.09) in Group 3 compared to Group 1. However, multivariate Cox regression analyses did not show statistical significance among the four groups. Our study showed that there was no significant difference in patient survival based on the use or types of ß-blockers.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of statin solubility on the survival of patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). This retrospective study used laboratory and clinical data from a national HD quality assessment program and claims data (n = 53,345). The use of statins was defined as prescription ≥30 days during 6 months of each HD quality assessment period. We divided the patients into three groups based on the use and solubility of statins: No group, patients without a prescription of statins (n = 37,944); Hydro group, patients with a prescription of hydrophilic statins (n = 2823); and Lipo group, patients with a prescription of lipophilic statins (n = 12,578). The 5-year survival rates in the No, Hydro, and Lipo groups were 69.6%, 67.9%, and 67.9%, respectively (p < 0.001 for the trend). Multivariable Cox regression analyses showed that the Lipo group had better patient survival than the No group. However, multivariable analyses did not show statistical significance between the Hydro and No or Lipo groups. In all subgroups based on sex, age, presence of diabetes mellitus, and heart disease, the Lipo group had better patient survival than the No group. We identified no significant association between hydrophilic and lipophilic statins and patient survival. However, patients taking lipophilic statins had a modest survival benefit compared with those who did not receive statins.
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Although ginseng leaves contain a larger amount of ginsenosides than the roots, studies on the protective effect of oral administration of ginseng leaves against photoaging are lacking. Processed ginseng leaves (PGL) prepared by acid reaction to increase effective ginsenoside content showed higher levels of Rg3 (29.35 mg/g) and Rk1 (35.16 mg/g) than ginseng leaves (Rg3 (2.14 mg/g) and Rk1 (ND)), and ginsenosides Rg3 and Rk1 were evaluated as active ingredients that protected human keratinocytes against UVB-induced cell damage by increasing cell proliferation and decreasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and 9 secretion. Herein, the effect of oral PGL administration (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg, daily) against photoaging in HR-1 hairless mice was assessed by measuring wrinkle depth, epidermal thickness, and trans-epidermal water loss for 16 weeks. The PGL treatment group showed reduced skin wrinkles, inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, and decreased IL-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 levels. These data suggest that oral PGL administration inhibits photoaging by inhibiting the expression of MMPs, which degrade collagen, and inhibiting cytokines, which induce inflammatory responses. These results reveal that ginseng leaves processed by acid reaction may serve as potential functional materials with anti-photoaging activities.
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Ginsenosídeos , Panax , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , Camundongos Pelados , Ginsenosídeos/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate survival rates according to iron status in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Thus, the National HD Quality Assessment Program dataset and claims data were used for analysis (n = 42,390). The patients were divided into four groups according to their transferrin saturation rate and serum ferritin levels: Group 1 (n = 34,539, normal iron status); Group 2 (n = 4476, absolute iron deficiency); Group 3 (n = 1719, functional iron deficiency); Group 4 (n = 1656, high iron status). Using univariate and multivariable analyses, Group 1 outperformed the three other groups in terms of patient survival. Using univariate analysis, although Group 2 showed a favorable trend in patient survival rates compared with Groups 3 and 4, the statistical significance was weak. Group 3 exhibited similar patient survival rates to Group 4. Using multivariable Cox regression analysis, Group 2 had similar patient survival rates to Group 3. Subgroup analyses according to sex, diabetic status, hemoglobin level ≥ 10 g/dL, and serum albumin levels ≥ 3.5 g/dL indicated similar trends to those of the total cohort. However, subgroup analysis based on patients with a hemoglobin level < 10 g/dL or serum albumin levels < 3.5 g/dL showed a weak statistical significant difference compared with those with hemoglobin level ≥ 10 g/dL, or serum albumin levels ≥ 3.5 g/dL. In addition, the survival difference between Group 4 and other groups was greater in old patients than in young ones. Patients with a normal iron status had the highest survival rates. Patient survival rates were similar or differed only modestly among the groups with abnormal iron status. In addition, most subgroup analyses revealed similar trends to those according to the total cohort. However, subgroup analyses based on age, hemoglobin, or serum albumin levels showed different trends.
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Anemia Ferropriva , Eritropoetina , Deficiências de Ferro , Humanos , Ferro , Transferrina/análise , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Albumina Sérica , Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Wild soybean, also known as Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc. (GS), has long been known for its various health benefits. Although various pharmacological effects of G. soja have been studied, the effects of GS leaf and stem (GSLS) on osteoarthritis (OA) have not been evaluated. Here, we examined the anti-inflammatory effects of GSLS in interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)-stimulated SW1353 human chondrocytes. GSLS inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases and ameliorated the degradation of collagen type II in IL-1ß-stimulated chondrocytes. Furthermore, GSLS played a protective role in chondrocytes by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB. In addition, our in vivo study demonstrated that GSLS ameliorated pain and reversed cartilage degeneration in joints by inhibiting inflammatory responses in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA rat model. GSLS remarkably reduced the MIA-induced OA symptoms, such as joint pain, and decreased the serum levels of proinflammatory mediators, cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Our findings show that GSLS exerts anti-osteoarthritic effects and reduces pain and cartilage degeneration by downregulating inflammation, suggesting that it is a useful therapeutic candidate for OA.
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Condrócitos , Glycine max , Osteoartrite , Extratos Vegetais , Folhas de Planta , Caules de Planta , Animais , Humanos , Ratos , Condrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Condrócitos/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Metaloproteinases da Matriz/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Osteoartrite/terapia , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Glycine max/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Caules de Planta/químicaRESUMO
To protect themselves from COVID-19, people follow the recommendations of the authorities, but they also resort to placebos. To stop the virus, it is important to understand the factors underlying both types of preventive behaviour. This study examined whether our model (developed based on the Health Belief Model and the Transactional Model of Stress) can explain participation in WHO-recommended and placebo actions during the pandemic. Model was tested on a sample of 3346 participants from Italy, Japan, Poland, Korea, Sweden, and the US. It was broadly supported: objective risk and cues to action showed both direct and indirect (through perceived threat) associations with preventive behaviours. Moreover, locus of control, decision balance, health anxiety and preventive coping moderated these relationships. Numerous differences were also found between countries. We conclude that beliefs about control over health and perceived benefits of actions are critical to the development of interventions to improve adherence to recommendations.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Ansiedade/prevenção & controle , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
In this study, we aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Schisandra chinensis leaf extracts (SCLE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, an acetic acid-induced mouse model of writhing, and a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rat model of osteoarthritis (OA). In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, a 100 µg/mL dose of SCLE significantly reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Acetic acid-induced writhing responses in mice that quantitatively determine pain were significantly inhibited by SCLE treatment. In addition, SCLE significantly decreased the MIA-induced elevation in OA symptoms, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators/cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, and cartilage damage in the serum and joint tissues. Our data demonstrated that SCLE exerts anti-osteoarthritic effects by regulating inflammation and pain and can be a useful therapeutic candidate against OA.
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Osteoartrite , Schisandra , Ácido Acético/uso terapêutico , Analgésicos/efeitos adversos , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/efeitos adversos , Ácido Iodoacético/toxicidade , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Camundongos , Osteoartrite/induzido quimicamente , Osteoartrite/tratamento farmacológico , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , RatosRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The modified gamgil-tang (GGX) is a mixture of four herbal medicine including Platycodi Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Lonicerae Flos and Mori Radicis Cortex which has been traditionally used to treat lung and airway diseases to relieve symptoms like sore throat, cough, and sputum in Korea. Its major component chlorogenic acid had been reported to have antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-microbial activity. AIM OF THE STUDY: To identify the inhibitory effect of GGX in a particulate matter (PM) induced lung injury mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated NO production, the release of TNF-α and IFN-γ in PM-induced MH-S cells, and the number of neutrophils, immune cell subtypes, and the secretion of TNF-α, IL-17, CXCL-1, MIP-2 in the PM-stimulated mouse model to assess the inhibitory effect of GGX against PM. In addition, as exposure to PM increases respiratory symptoms, typically cough and sputum, we attempted to evaluate the antitussive and expectorant activities of GGX. RESULTS: Our study provided evidence that GGX has inhibitory effects in PM-induced lung injury by inhibiting the increase in neutrophil and inflammatory mediators, deactivating T cells, and ameliorating lung tissue damage. Notably, GGX reduced PM-induced neutrophilic inflammation by attenuating the number of neutrophils and regulating the secretion of neutrophil-related cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-α, IL-17, MIP2, and CXCL-1. In addition, GGX demonstrated an antitussive activity by significantly reducing citric acid-induced cough frequency and delaying the latent period and expectorant activities by the increased phenol red secretion compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: GGX is expected to be an effective herbal remedy to prevent PM-induced respiratory disease.
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Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/uso terapêutico , Lesão Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Lesão Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Estrutura Molecular , FitoterapiaRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.02.003.].
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Sam-Myo-Whan (SMW) has been used in Korean and Chinese traditional medicine to help treat gout, by reducing swelling and inflammation and relieving pain. This study compared the effects of SMW extracted by using different solvents, water (SMWW) and 30% EtOH (SMWE), in the treatment of gouty arthritis. To this end, we analyzed the main components of SMWW and SMWE, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Anti-hyperuricemic activity was evaluated by measuring serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemic rats. The effects of SMWW and SMWE on swelling, pain, and inflammation in gouty arthritis were investigated by measuring affected limb swelling and weight-bearing, as well as by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, to assess the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and myeloperoxidase (MPO). In potassium oxonate (PO)-induced hyperuricemic rats, SMWW and SMWE both significantly decreased serum uric acid to similar levels. In monosodium urate (MSU)-induced gouty arthritis mice, SMWE more efficiently decreased paw swelling and attenuated joint pain compare to SMWW. Moreover, SMWE and SMWW suppressed the level of inflammation by downregulating proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6) and MPO activity. HPLC analysis further revealed that berberine represented one of the major active ingredients demonstrating the greatest change in concentration between SMWW and SMWE. Our data demonstrate that SMWE retains a more effective therapeutic concentration compared to SMWW, in a mouse model of gouty arthritis.
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BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia progresses in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is positively correlated with mortality in end-stage kidney disease patients. Circulating irisin, an exercise-induced myokine, gradually decreases during CKD stage progression. Irisin inhibits the progression of kidney fibrosis, which is the final common outcome of CKD. Our preliminary study with C2C12 cells showed that Dojuksan, a herbal decoction, increases the expression of PGC1α (a regulator of irisin) and FNDC5 (a precursor of irisin). HYPOTHESIS: Dojuksan may increase circulating irisin and prevent the progression of kidney fibrosis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was performed on seven-week-old male C57BL/6 mice to induce kidney tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Dojuksan (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day) or losartan (1.5 mg/kg/day), a standard clinical treatment for CKD, was administered orally one day prior to surgery and continued for seven days thereafter. To determine the role of irisin released from muscles, TGFß-stimulated murine proximal tubular epithelial cells (mProx24 cells) were treated with conditioned media (CM) from Dojuksan-treated C2C12 muscle cells transfected with FNDC5 siRNA. RESULTS: UUO mice exhibited muscle wasting along with progressive kidney injury. Similar to losartan, Dojuksan ameliorated kidney inflammation and fibrosis in UUO mice. Dojuksan, but not losartan, increased plasma irisin concentration in UUO mice. Dojuksan significantly increased basal FNDC5 expression and inhibited TNFα-induced and indoxyl sulfate-induced FNDC5 down-regulation in C2C12 cells. The TGFß-induced collagen I (COL1) up-regulation in mProx24 cells was effectively inhibited by CM from C2C12 cells after Dojuksan treatment. Moreover, irisin inhibited TGFß-induced COL1 in mProx24 cells, which was not affected by CM from C2C12 cells transfected with FNDC5 siRNA. CONCLUSION: Dojuksan ameliorates kidney fibrosis through irisin-mediated muscle-kidney crosstalk, suggesting that Dojuksan may be used as an alternative therapeutic agent against CKD.
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Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Nefropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Nefropatias/patologia , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Colágeno Tipo I/metabolismo , Fibronectinas/genética , Fibrose , Nefropatias/metabolismo , Túbulos Renais/efeitos dos fármacos , Túbulos Renais/metabolismo , Túbulos Renais/patologia , Losartan/farmacologia , Masculino , Medicina Tradicional Chinesa , Medicina Tradicional Coreana , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Músculo Esquelético/citologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Coativador 1-alfa do Receptor gama Ativado por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Obstrução Ureteral/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a commonly encountered large intestine disease in the contemporary world that terminates into colorectal cancer; therefore, the timely treatment of UC is of major concern. Panax ginseng Meyer is an extensively consumed herbal commodity in South East Asian countries, especially Korea. It exhibits a wide range of biologically beneficial qualities for almost head-to-toe ailments in the body. Epimedium koreanum Nakai (EKN) is also a widely used traditional Korean herbal medicine used for treating infertility, rheumatism, and cardiovascular diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Separately the anti-inflammatory activities of both red ginseng extracts (RGEs) and EKNs had been demonstrated in the past in various inflammatory models; however, we sought to unravel the anti-inflammatory activities of the combination of these two extracts in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice model because the allopathic remedies for UC involve more side effects than benefits. RESULTS: Our results have shown that the combination of RGE + EKN synergistically alleviated the macroscopic lesions in DSS-induced colitic mice such as colon shortening, hematochezia, and weight loss. Moreover, it restored the histopathological lesions in mice and decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines through the repression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP-3) expression. In vitro, this combination also reduced the magnitude of nitric acid (NO), pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokine through NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. CONCLUSION: In the light of these findings, we can endorse this combination extract as a functional food for the prophylactic as well as therapeutic treatment of UC in humans together with allopathic remedies.
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To investigate the anti-obesity effects and underlying mechanism of BS21, a combination of Phyllostachys pubescens leaves and Scutellaria baicalensis roots was used to investigate the effects of BS21 on adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and browning in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The expression of adipocyte-specific genes was observed via Western blot, and the BS21 chemical profile was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). BS21 treatment inhibited adipocyte differentiation and reduced the expression of the adipogenic proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP-α), and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), as well as the lipogenic proteins sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty-acid synthase (FAS). BS21 enhanced protein levels of the beta-oxidation genes carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) and phospho-acetyl-coA carboxylase (p-ACC). BS21 also induced protein expressions of the browning marker genes PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC1α), and uncoupling protein (UCP) 1, and it induced the expression of the thermogenic gene UCP2. Furthermore, BS21 increased adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. UPLC analysis showed that BS21 contains active constituents such as chlorogenic acid, orientin, isoorientin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, tricin, wogonin, and chrysin. Our findings demonstrate that BS21 plays a modulatory role in adipocytes by reducing adipogenesis and lipogenesis, increasing fat oxidation, and inducing browning.
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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bee venom (BV) has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and for the relief of pain in traditional oriental medicine. AIM OF STUDY: The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of BV on monosodium urate (MSU)-induced gouty arthritis in a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To develop a mouse model of acute gouty arthritis, 4 mg 50 µL-1 of MSU crystal suspension was injected intradermally into the right paw. After MSU crystal injection, we evaluated inflammatory cytokine production in mice of the BV-treated (0.5 and 1 mg kg-1 body weight) and apamin (APM)-treated (0.5 and 1 mg kg-1 body weight) groups. The positive control group was administered a colchicine (1 mg kg-1 body weight) injection with MSU crystals. RESULTS: BV and APM treatment suppressed inflammatory paw edema in MSU-administered mice. It also exerted anti-inflammatory effects in mice with gouty arthritis by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine production and inflammasome formation. Interestingly, MSU crystal formation was decreased by BV and APM treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the APM from BV might be useful for the treatment of gouty arthritis due to its anti-inflammatory activities.
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Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Apamina/farmacologia , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Gotosa/prevenção & controle , Venenos de Abelha/farmacologia , Articulações/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Apamina/isolamento & purificação , Artrite Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Experimental/metabolismo , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Artrite Gotosa/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Gotosa/metabolismo , Artrite Gotosa/patologia , Venenos de Abelha/química , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inflamassomos/genética , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Articulações/metabolismo , Articulações/patologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Células RAW 264.7 , Transdução de Sinais , Ácido ÚricoRESUMO
Inflammation is a key response of the immune system to infection but aberrant inflammatory activity can lead to tissue damage and inflammatory diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that peanut sprout root extract (PSRE) has anti-inflammatory activity, and the aim of this study is therefore to investigate the effects of PSRE on the inflammatory response and the molecular mechanisms underpinning this effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Using a combination of cell viability, ELISA, and nitric oxide (NO) assays, together with Western blotting, we showed that PSRE effectively inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated cells and significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1ß, and PGE2, at a dose of 200 µg/mL of PSRE, whereas TNF-α expression tended to decrease under PSRE treatment. We also confirmed a dose-dependent and significant inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. In addition, PSRE treatment induced anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38) and NF-κB activation. Our results indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of PSRE may result from inhibition of the MAPK pathways, which are known promoters of cytokine secretion.
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Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Arachis/química , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Raízes de Plantas/química , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , NF-kappa B/antagonistas & inibidores , Células RAW 264.7 , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) affects the articular cartilage and subchondral bone of synovial joints and induces proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathway dysregulation, leading to pain. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antiosteoarthritis effects of Alpinia oxyphylla extract (AOE) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: The anti-inflammatory effect of AOE was evaluated in vitro in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells. The antiosteoarthritis effect of AOE was investigated in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rat model of OA. Rats were orally administered AOE (150 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg) or the positive control drug indomethacin (1 mg/kg) 3 days before MIA injection and once daily for 21 days thereafter. RESULTS: AOE significantly decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO, 68.2%), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 92.8%), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß, 77.2%), interleukin-6 (IL-6, 39.9%), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α, 20.7%) and the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells at a dose of 100 µg/ml. In addition, AOE attenuated joint pain, suppressed proinflammatory cytokine and mediator production and inhibited cartilage degradation in the MIA-induced rat OA model. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that AOE exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects and may be a useful therapeutic candidate against OA.
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Alpinia/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Osteoartrite/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Reabsorção Óssea/tratamento farmacológico , Cartilagem Articular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cartilagem Articular/fisiopatologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Iodoacetatos/toxicidade , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Masculino , Camundongos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Osteoartrite/induzido quimicamente , Osteoartrite/metabolismo , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/química , Células RAW 264.7 , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Alpinia oxyphylla is a well-known traditional medicine used in China and Korea to treat intestinal disorders, urosis, diuresis, and chronic glomerulonephritis. PURPOSE: We investigated the anti-hyperuricemic effects of Alpinia oxyphylla seed extract (AE), and the underlying mechanisms of action through in vitro and in vivo studies. METHODS: We evaluated levels of uric acid in the serum and urine, the expression of renal urate transport proteins, and levels of inflammatory cytokines in potassium oxonate (PO)-induced hyperuricemic rats. Xanthine oxidase activity was analyzed in vitro, while cellular uric acid uptake was assessed in oocytes expressing the human urate transporter 1 (hURAT1). Moreover, the main components of AE were analyzed using UPLC. RESULTS: In PO-induced hyperuricemic rats, 200 and 400â¯mg/kg of AE significantly decreased levels of uric acid in serum, while 400â¯mg/kg of AE increased uric acid levels in urine. AE did not inhibit xanthine oxidase in vitro; however, 1, 10, and 100⯵g/ml of AE significantly decreased uric acid uptake into oocytes expressing hURAT1. Furthermore, 400â¯mg/kg of AE increased levels of organic anion transporter (OAT) 1 protein, while 200 and 400â¯mg/kg of AE decreased the protein content of urate transporter, URAT1 and inflammatory cytokines in the kidneys. Nootkatone was identified as one the main chemical components in AE from UPLC analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that AE exerts anti-hyperuricemic and uricosuric effects, which are related to the promotion of uric acid excretion via enhanced secretion and inhibition of uric acid reabsorption in the kidneys. Thus, AE may be a potential treatment for hyperuricemia and gout.
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Alpinia/química , Hiperuricemia/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Ácido Úrico/urina , Xantina Oxidase/metabolismo , Animais , China/epidemiologia , Gota , Humanos , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteína 1 Transportadora de Ânions Orgânicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Transportadores de Ânions Orgânicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Transportadores de Ânions Orgânicos/metabolismo , Ácido Oxônico , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ratos , República da Coreia/epidemiologia , Xantina Oxidase/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Siraitia grosvenorii fruits are used in traditional medicine to treat cough, sore throat, bronchitis, and asthma. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic effects of S. grosvenorii residual extract (SGRE) on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in mice. METHODS: Asthma was induced in BALB/c mice by systemic sensitization to OVA, followed by intratracheal, intraperitoneal, and aerosol allergen challenges. SGRE was orally administered for four weeks. We investigated the effects of SGRE on airway hyper-responsiveness, OVA-specific IgE production, histological analysis of lung and trachea, immune cell phenotyping, Th1/Th2 cytokine production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) fluid and splenocytes, and gene expression in the lung. RESULTS: SGRE ameliorated OVA-driven airway hyper-responsiveness, serum IgE production, and histopathological changes in the lung and trachea. SGRE reduced the total number of cells in the lung and BAL, the total number of lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils in the lung and BAL, the absolute number of CD4+/CD69+ T cells in the lung, and the absolute number of CD4+/CD8+ T cells and CD11b+/Gr-1+ granulocytes in the lung and BAL. SGRE also reduced Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and increased the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ in the BAL fluid and supernatant of splenocyte cultures. SGRE decreased the OVA-induced increase of IL-13, TARC, MUC5AC, TNF-α, and IL-17 expression in the lung. CONCLUSION: SGRE exerts anti-asthmatic effects via the inhibition of Th2 and Th17 cytokines and the increase of Th1 cytokines, suggesting that SGRE may be a potential therapeutic agent for allergic lung inflammation, such as asthma.
Assuntos
Antiasmáticos/farmacologia , Asma/tratamento farmacológico , Cucurbitaceae/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Pneumonia/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Asma/metabolismo , Asma/patologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Eosinófilos/patologia , Interleucinas/genética , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mucina-5AC/genética , Mucina-5AC/metabolismo , Ovalbumina/imunologia , Ovalbumina/toxicidade , Pneumonia/induzido quimicamente , Pneumonia/patologia , Hipersensibilidade Respiratória/induzido quimicamente , Hipersensibilidade Respiratória/tratamento farmacológico , Células Th17/imunologia , Células Th17/metabolismo , Células Th17/patologiaRESUMO
: Kudzu (Pueraria thunbergiana Benth.) has long been used as a food and medicine for many centuries. The root is the most commonly used portion of the plant, but the aerial parts are occasionally used as well. In this study, we investigated the constituent compounds and biological activities of the aerial parts, leaves, stems, and sprouts, and compared their constituents and activities with those of roots. Leaf extract showed a significantly higher TPC level at 59 ± 1.6 mg/g and lower free radical scavenging (FRS) values under 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and NO inhibition at 437 ± 11, 121 ± 6.6 µg/mL and 107 ± 4.9 µg/mL, respectively, than those of sprout, stem, and root extract. Leaf extract also significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The main components of leaf extract were found to be genistin and daidzin. This study suggests that the leaves of kudzu are a good source of biological activities and isoflavones that can be used in functional or medicinal foods and cosmetics for the prevention or treatment of diseases related to inflammation and oxidative stress.