Thermal analysis technology to utilize waste biomass and waste heat to produce high-quality combustible gas through simulations and experiments.

To ensure the proper utilization of waste biomass (WB) and high-temperature waste heat, this study proposes a new method for obtaining gaseous fuels by pyrolyzing WB and using waste heat in the converter vaporization cooling flue (CVCF). This study is theoretically based on the simulation software Factsage 6.1 and the release patterns of the gaseous products including CO, H2, CH4 and CO2 obtained from waste biomass, were studied at different temperatures and pressures. Thermogravimetric-mass spectrometer (TG-MS) was used to investigate the pyrolysis of WB at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min from room temperature to 1400 °C. Kinetics parameters were calculated by using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) models. To investigate the effects of temperature, a settling furnace was also used to simulate CVCF. Thermal decomposition produced the primary gases namely CO, CH4, and H2. Pyrolysis had an average activation energy of 183.29 kJ/mol. As the temperature increased from 800 °C to 1200 °C, the CO content increased from 39.7 % to 48.9 % and the H2 content increased from 35 % to 45.1 %. As the temperature rose from 800 to 1200 °C, the lower heating value (LHV) increased from 11.38 to 12.05 MJ/Nm3. The findings primarily confirmed the feasibility of injecting biomass into the CVCF to generate gaseous fuels from waste heat.

Reversible on-off switching of Dy(III) single-molecule magnets via single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation.

While the interest in single-molecule magnets (SMMs) lies in their potential applications in information storage and quantum computing, the switching of their slow magnetic relaxation associated with dynamic crystal-to-crystal transformation is insufficiently exploited. Herein, three pentagonal-bipyramidal (PBP) Dy(III) complexes, [Dy(Bcpen)(Cl)3] (1), [Dy(Bcpen)(OPhCl2NO2)3] (2) and [Dy(Bcpen)(OPhCl2NO2)3]·0.5CH3CN (2·CH3CN), are successfully assembled, and structurally and magnetically studied (Bcpen = N,N-bis(4-chloro-2-methylenepyridinyl) ethylenediamine and Cl2NO2PhOH = 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol). The molecular characteristics and magnetic properties of complexes 2 and 2·CH3CN, constructed with the motivation of modulating a magnetic switch by external stimuli, are systematically explored. Dramatically, 2 and 2·CH3CN can mutually transform through reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) conversion associated with the capture and release of guest CH3CN molecules, resulting in an infrequent on/off switching of PBP Dy(III) molecule-based magnets. Further measurements on the desolvated and resolvated samples, complexes 2-re and 2·CH3CN-re, confirm the fascinating transformation processes. The magneto-structural relationship has been rationally investigated and discussed with ab initio calculations as well.

pH-Dependent formation of three porous In(III)-MOFs: framework diversity and selective gas adsorption.

pH-Dependent self-assembly and structural transformation have been observed in a series of porous In(III)-MOFs, H3O[In3(pta)4(OH)2]·10H2O (NXU-1), [In(pta)2]·C3H10N (NXU-2) and [In(pta)2]·C3H10N (NXU-3) (H2pta = 2-(4-pyridyl)-terephthalic acid). The structural diversities of NXU-1-3 reveal that the pH value of the reaction plays a key role in the assembly of In-MOFs. NXU-1 with excellent stability exhibits highly selective CO2 adsorption over CH4 as compared to NXU-2 and NXU-3, owing to the presence of abundant multiple active sites unveiled by theoretical calculations.

Two mesoporous anionic metal-organic frameworks for selective and efficient adsorption of a cationic organic dye.

Anionic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are beginning to have a great impact in the field of absorption and separation of ionic organic molecules due to the enhanced electrostatic interactions between their anionic frameworks and counter-ionic guests. Herein, the rational design and synthesis of two mesoporous anionic MOFs, [Zn3(ITTC)3](Me2 NH2)3·3DMF·H2O (1) and [Cd2(ITTC)3](Me2NH2)5·2DMF (2), where H3ITTC = 4,4',4''-(1H-imidazole-2,4,5-triyl) tribenzoic acid, is reported. Structural analysis revealed that both materials are anionic MOFs with a 2-fold interpenetrating three dimensional (3D) framework. The cross sectional area of the open one-dimensional rectangular channels is 31.7 Å × 15.6 Å for 1, of which the architecture is indicative of an unprecedented (3,3,4,5)-connection topology. For 2, the diameter of the open one-dimensional regular hexagonal channel is about 34.1 Å, decorated with uncoordinated carboxyl O atoms, and the framework exhibits a (3,4)-connected fcu network. Due to their anionic frameworks and bulky pore window sizes, both MOFs can be employed for absorbing and separating the cationic organic dye methylene blue (MB). The results reveal that both MOFs have better dye adsorption selectivity for MB, than for MO and SDI, because of charge and size-matching effects, enabling them to be potential candidates for use in environmental cleaning. By comparison, 2 presents superior selectivity and adsorptivity for cationic MB which depends on the presence of a basic functionalized pore surface.

The Impact of FDI on Urban PM2.5 Pollution in China: The Mediating Effect of Industrial Structure Transformation.

With the rapid growth of foreign direct investment (FDI), PM2.5 pollution in Chinese cities is increasing. Based on panel data for 271 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2016, this paper uses the dynamic spatial fixed-effects Durbin model to analyze the correlation between FDI and PM2.5 pollution and the effect of FDI on urban PM2.5 concentrations, as mediated by industrial structure transformation, which is clarified using Stata/SE 16.0. The results showed that PM2.5 pollution in China has significant spatial spillover effects, and the pollution haven hypothesis is applicable to Chinese cities. The industrial structure partially mediates the relationship between FDI and PM2.5. This paper proposes that local governments should promote the market-oriented reform of FDI to create a more convenient, legalized, and international environment for FDI and innovate the governance philosophy of only reducing the existing emissions. A top-level design and sound market supervision system of PM2.5 control are also needed.

[Causes analysis of mastoid cavity infection after mastoidectomy and key techniques of revision mastoidectomy].

Objective:To analyze the causes of infected mastoid cavity after mastoidectomy and explore the key techniques of revision mastoidectomy. Methods:Ninety-two patients, who underwent revision mastoidectomy due to mastoid cavity infection after mastoidectomy were retrospectively analyzed. There were 56 cases of canal wall up mastoidectomy plus tympanoplasty and 36 cases of canal wall down mastoidectomy plus tympanoplasty in previous surgery. The interval between the previous operation and this revision ranged from 7 months to 50 years, with a median of 9 years. By reviewing the general clinical data, preoperative HRCT scan of temporal bone and intraoperative findings, the defects of the previous operation and the region of the lesion were analyzed and counted. Results:Out of the 92 cases, 7 cases（7.6%） had sigmoid sinus antedisplacement and low-lying middle cranial fossa, and 45 cases（48.9%） with facial nerve canal loss. Among the 36 patients who underwent canal wall down mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty, mastoid cells were removed in completely; 26 patients had high facial ridge, accounting for 72.2%（26/36）. The defects of the previous operation included: stenosis of external auditory meatus（65/92, 70.7%）, obstruction of Eustachian tube（11/92, 12.0%）, and tympanitis（2/92, 2.2%）. Residual or recurrent lesions were most common in mastoid process and tympanic sinus（50/92, 54.3%）, followed by attic cell and anterior cavity（44/92, 47.8%）, posterior tympanic cavity（29/92, 31.5%）, perilabyrinthine cells（13/92, 14.1%）, sinus meningeal angle（13/92, 14.1%）, cells behind the facial nerve（12/92, 13.0%）, Eustachian tube（10/92, 10.9%）, and hypotympanum（9/92, 9.8%）. Conclusion:The main causes of mastoid cavity infecion after mastoidectomy include incomplete removal of the lesion and inadequate drainage conditions. The key techniques of revisional mastoidectomy include disc-shaped operative cavity, skeletonization of mastoid process, reduction of facial nerve ridge, management of Eustachian tube and conchaplasty. The above techniques are also key in the first operation in order to improve the success rate of operation and avoid revision operation.

Solvent-Free Lithium/Sodium-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks with Versatile Nitrogen-Rich Ligands: Insight for the Design of Promising Superheat-Resistant Explosives.

Energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs) are very promising as heat-resistant explosives, affording both thermal stability and energy properties. In this work, the self-assembly of high-energy nitrogen-rich linkers with nontoxic alkali-metal lithium/sodium leads to four new solvent-free EMOFs. Because of unparalleled decomposition temperature (Tdec = 403 °C) and heats of detonation (3.475 kcal·g-1), a 3D Li(I)-EMOF can be considered to be a superheat-resistant explosive candidate.

High-quality syngas production: The green and efficient utilization of waste tire and waste heat from the steelmaking converter process.

This study proposes a new technology in which waste tire powders are injected into a converter vaporization cooling flue for gas recovery via pyrolysis using high-temperature waste heat. The higher temperature pyrolysis behavior of waste tire powder under different heating rates was investigated using a TG-MS technique. A drop tube furnace was used to simulate the converter vaporization cooling flue to investigate the effect of high temperatures on waste tire powder pyrolysis. The results indicated that secondary pyrolysis occurred above 900 °C with low weight and weight loss rates, which were considerably lower than those observed in the thermal degradation stage. The main gaseous products formed were CO, CO2, H2, CH4, and H2O. The drop tube furnace experimental results indicated that high temperatures can facilitate the degradation of waste tire powder to generate more H2 and CO and improve the low heating values. At 1200 °C, the H2 and CO contents were approximately 19.60% and 4.90%, respectively. The low heating value was 29.64 MJ/Nm3. The char yield was in the range of 32.67%-37.33%; the fixed carbon content increased from 79.63% to 84.75%. The results provide preliminary verification of the feasibility of injecting waste tire powders into a converter vaporization cooling flue for gas recovery.

A dual-sensitized luminescent europium(iii) complex as a photoluminescent probe for selectively detecting Fe3.

A new luminescent EuIII complex, namely [Eu2(BTFA)4(OMe)2(dpq)2] (1), in which BTFA = 3-benzoyl-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone and dpq = dipyrido [3,2-d:2',3'-f] quinoxaline, has been designed and synthesized by employing two different ligands as sensitizers. Crystal structure analysis reveals that complex 1 is composed of dinuclear EuIII units crystallized in the monoclinic P1̄ space group. Notably, 1 exhibits high thermal stability up to 270 °C and excellent water stability. The photoluminescence property of the complex is investigated. Further studies show 1 can recognize Fe3+ ions with high selectivity from mixed metal ions in aqueous solution through the luminescence quenching phenomenon. Furthermore, the recyclability and stability of 1 after sensing experiments are observed to be adequate. By virtue of the superior stability, detection efficiency, applicability and reusability, the as-prepared EuIII complex can be a promising fluorescent material for practical sensing.

A New Surgical Technique Used for Correction of Congenital Blepharoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Blepharoptosis is defined as the drooping or lower displacement of the upper eyelids. Various kinds of surgical techniques and modifications have been introduced to improve the surgical outcomes, but the high recurrence rate and unsatisfying cosmetic results remain as a common problem. PURPOSE: To solve the problem mentioned above, we came up with our new surgical technique and conducted a retrospective review to verify its effectiveness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted among the patients diagnosed as genuine congenital blepharoptosis and receiving the surgical treatments where our unique technique was used between January 2016 and January 2019. The clinical records and preoperative and postoperative photographs were collected and evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 83 patients were included in our study, 78 (94%) of them acquired good surgical outcomes, while 4 (4.8%) of them got fair results, and 1 (1.2%) of them got a poor result. No long-term lagophthalmos, ectropion, entropion and fornix conjunctival prolapse were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Our surgical technique introduced here is effective in the management of genuine congenital blepharoptosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the outcome of partial canal wall preserved tympanomastoidectomy.

BACKGROUND: The main surgical techniques for the treatment of chronic otitis media so far, all have their characteristic advantages and disadvantages. Otolaryngologists have been trying to find an ideal surgical method for chronic otitis media. OBJECTIVE: To study and evaluate the outcome of partial canal wall preserved tympanomastoidectomy (PCM) for the treatment of chronic otitis media. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients were randomly divided into two groups. Twenty patients underwent PCM and 19 underwent canal wall down tympanomastoidectomy (CWD). All patients had a follow-up period of 5 years. RESULTS: The mean time of healing was 6 weeks in the PCM group and 8 weeks in the CWD group. The cavities in the PCM group were normal or slightly larger than the normal external auditory canal. The patients required cavity cleaning less than once per year in the PCM group and 3-4 times per year in the CWD group. One patient in the PCM group developed a recurrent cholesteatoma located in the attic. CONCLUSION: The PCM technique showed a low-recurrence rate and good hearing outcomes. Patients had normal or slightly enlarged postoperative external auditory canal. Therefore, PCM is a useful technique for chronic otitis media.

Enhancing Energetic Performance of Multinuclear Ag(I)-Cluster MOF-Based High-Energy-Density Materials by Thermal Dehydration.

It is an enormous challenge to construct high-energy-density materials meeting simultaneously requirements of high energy and excellent stability. In this work, the reaction of a Ag(I) ion with a nitrogen-rich ligand, 1 H-tetrazole-5-acetic acid (H2tza), leads to a novel Ag7-cluster metal-organic framework, [Ag7(tza)3(Htza)2(H2tza)(H2O)] (1), with remarkable high-energy content, stability, and insensitivity. Dramatically, the heating-dehydrated process of 1 produces a new stable energetic material, [Ag7(tza)3(Htza)2(H2tza)] (1a), which features superior energy and undiminished safety performance compared to those of 1.

In situ self-assembly of Ni3S2/MnS/CuS/reduced graphene composite on nickel foam for high power supercapacitors.

Transition metal sulfides (TMS), as promising electroactive materials for asymmetric supercapacitors, have been limited due to their relatively poor conductivity and cycle stability. Here ternary Ni3S2/MnS/CuS composites were assembled in situ on nickel foam (NF) using a hydrothermal method via electrostatic adsorption of Ni+, Mn2+ and Cu2+ ions on a reduced graphene (rGO) nanosheet template. The chemical structure was characterized by various analytic methods. Ni3S2/MnS/CuS has spherical morphology assembled from closely packed nanosheets, while Ni3S2/MnS/CuS@rGO has a three-dimensional porous spherical structure with much lower diameter because rGO nanosheets can play the role of a template to induce the growth of Ni3S2/MnS/CuS. At a current density of 1 A g-1, the specific capacitance was obtained to be 1028 F g-1 for Ni3S2/MnS/CuS, 628.6 F g-1 for Ni3S2/MnS@rGO, and 2042 F g-1 for Ni3S2/MnS/CuS@rGO, respectively. Charge transfer resistance (R ct) of Ni3S2/MnS/CuS@rGO (0.001 Ω) was much lower than that of Ni3S2/MnS@rGO by 0.02 Ω, and lower than that of Ni3S2/MnS/CuS by 0.017 Ω. After 5000 cycles, the Ni3S2-MnS-CuS@RGO electrode maintains 78.3% of the initial capacity at 20 A g-1. An asymmetric supercapacitor was subsequently assembled using Ni3S2/MnS/CuS@rGO as the positive electrode and rGO as the negative electrode. The specific capacitance of asymmetric batteries was maintained at 90.8% of the initial state after 5000 GCD.

Visualization and high sensitivity detection of Fe3+ and Cu2+ based on glutathione functionalized gold nanoclusters.

In this paper, a glutathione functionalized gold nanocluster (GSH-AuNCs) was prepared. GSH-AuNCs can catalyze the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to produce a blue-green ox-TMB. By using its peroxidase activity and the GSH-AuNCs-TMB-H2O2 system, the visualization of Fe3+ and Cu2+ and the high sensitivity detection of Fe3+ and Cu2+ can be realized according to the change of absorbance value and color of the system. The results showed that the sensitivity of the system to detect Fe3+ and Cu2+ in industrial wastewater reached 1.25 × 10-9 M and 1.25 × 10-10M, respectively. At the same time, the chelating agents NH4F and EDTA · 2Na were introduced to realize the selective detection of the two ions under the coexistence of Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions.

A difunctional azido-cobalt(ii) coordination polymer exhibiting slow magnetic relaxation behaviour and high-energy characteristics with good thermostability and insensitivity.

A novel one-dimensional azido-cobalt(ii) compound, [Co2(1-mbt)2(N3)4]n (1) (1-mbt = 1-((2-propyl-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-benzo[1,2,3]triazole), was solvothermally synthesized. X-ray crystal structure analysis demonstrates that two crystallographically independent Co(ii) atoms in the asymmetrical unit of compound 1 exhibit a rectangular pyramid geometry. The 3D supermolecular network of 1 consists of well-isolated 1D metal chains in which the azido bridging ligands assume an unusual pattern of combination with the Co(ii) centre as the sign of [-EE-EO-EO-EO-]n. The various coordination modes of the azido anion are responsible for different magnetic exchanges between the adjacent Co(ii) ions. The end-to-end (EE) mode mediates the antiferromagnetic coupling, whereas the end-on (EO) manner contributes to the ferromagnetic interaction. Magneto-structural relationships are discussed with the aid of theoretical calculations which are employed to find the potential single-ion magnetic anisotropy and reproduce the observed magnetic coupling properly. Alternating current magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal that 1 features a typical behaviour of field-induced slow magnetic relaxation. Energetic characterization evidences that the resulting compound possesses satisfactory detonation properties, superior lack of sensitivity and thermostability owing to the high nitrogen content (N% = 40.10%) and a coherent intrachain configuration. The kinetic parameters of the exothermic processes for 1 are investigated by the Kissinger method and the Ozawa method. We note that 1 has potential application prospects as a new generation of environmentally friendly high-energy materials based on this nitrogen-rich and oxygen-free system. In addition, the compound is developed as a practical additive to promote the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The finding in this work highlights an example of effective development of advanced magneto-energetic materials.

[Progress of monitoring methods and preventions of disorder of blood supplying of expanded flaps].

Objective: To summarize the monitoring methods and preventions of the disorder of blood supplying of expanded flaps, so as to provide some references for improving the survival of expanded flaps. Methods: The domestic and abroad related literature about the disorder of blood supplying of expanded flaps was reviewed and analyzed. Results: Handheld Doppler, digital subtraction angiography, computer tomographic angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and fluorescein angiography can be used as reliable preoperative imaging methods in designing expanded flaps with rich blood supply. Several techniques can be used for monitoring the blood supply of expanded flaps during the early postoperative period including traditional monitoring via physical examination, monitoring via dynamic infrared thermography, near-infrared spectroscopy tissue oximeter, external and implantable Doppler, and more recently developed diffuse correlation spectroscopy. Surgical delay, bloodletting, leech therapy, hyperbaric oxygen, and so on can decrease the risk of necrosis in expanded flaps. Conclusion: The survival of expanded flap is influenced by many factors. Preoperative design by using handheld Doppler and new imaging technology and postoperative early detection of blood supply can provide references of timely intervention, so that ischemic necrosis of the flaps can be reduced, and the success rate of surgery can be improved.

A substituent effect of phenylacetic acid coligand perturbed structures and magnetic properties observed in two triple-bridged azido-Cu(ii) chain compounds with ferromagnetic ordering and slow magnetic relaxation.

Based on two fluoro-substituted phenylacetate isomers, o-fluorophenylacetic acid (o-Hfpa) and p-fluorophenylacetic acid (p-Hfpa), two new Cu(ii)-azido compounds, [Cu(o-fpa)(N3)(C2H5OH)]n (1) and [Cu(p-fpa)(N3)(C2H5OH)]n (2), have been prepared, and structurally and magnetically characterized. Single-crystal structure analyses indicate that compounds 1 and 2 consist of 1D chain-like coordination networks in which adjacent copper cations are linked by the alternating triple-bridges of µ-1,1-azido, syn,syn-carboxylate and µ2-ethanol. For the two title compounds, the diverse charge distributions on the carboxyl groups caused by distinct substituent effects of the two phenylacetate coligands lead to the different structural parameters of intrachain Cu-Cu distances (3.218 Å for 1 and 3.168 Å for 2) and Cu-N-Cu angles (106.82° for 1 and 104.81° for 2), further resulting in the disparity of magnetic behaviors. The dominant ferromagnetic couplings between neighbouring Cu(ii) ions in the two compounds (J = 87.08 cm-1 for 1, J = 66.05 cm-1 for 2) are due to the counter-complementarity of the multiple superexchange pathways, contributing to the interesting plots of a ferromagnetic order (Tc = 11.0 K for 1, 9.5 K for 2) and slow magnetic relaxation that are rarely observed in most of the reported azido-Cu(ii) architectures. Heat-capacity experiments further emphasize the characteristic long-range ferromagnetic ordering in compounds 1 and 2. Magneto-structural relationships of 1 and 2 are investigated as well. Moreover, DFT calculations (using different methods and basis sets) have been performed on both compounds to provide a qualitative and quantitative theoretical explanation of their magnetic behavior.

Electrostatic Potential Determined Magnetic Dynamics Observed in Two Mononuclear ß-Diketone Dysprosium(III) Single-Molecule Magnets.

Two ß-diketone mononuclear Dy(III) compounds, formulated as Dy(BTFA)3(H2O)2 (1) and Dy(BTFA)3(bpy) (2) (BTFA = 3-benzoyl-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), were prepared. Compound 1 can be identified to transform to 2 in the attendance of bpy coligand, when the local geometry symmetry of eight-coordinated Dy(III) ion changes from a dodecahedron (D2d) in 1 to a square antiprism (D4d) in 2. Fine-tuning structure aroused by auxiliary ligand has dramatical impact on magnetic properties of compounds 1 and 2. Magnetic investigations demonstrate that both 1 and 2 display dynamic magnetic relaxation of single-molecule magnets (SMMs) behavior with different effective barriers (ΔE/kB) of 93.09 K for 1 under zero direct-current (DC) field as well as 296.50 K for 1 and 151.01 K for 2 under 1200 Oe DC field, respectively. As noticed, compound 1 possesses higher effective barrier than 2, despite 1 exhibiting a lower geometrical symmetry of the Dy(III) ion. Ab initio studies reveal that the Kramers doublet ground state is predominantly axial with the gz tensors of two compounds matching the Ising-limit factor of 20 anticipated for the pure MJ = ±15/2 state. Electrostatic analysis confirms the uniaxial anisotropy directions, highlighting that the proper electrostatic distribution of the coordination sphere around Ln(III) center is the critical factor to improve the magnetic anisotropy and determine the dynamic behaviors of SMMs.

Evaluation of moderate and severe blepharoptosis correction using the interdigitated part of the frontalis muscle and orbicularis oculi muscle suspension technique: A cohort study of 235 cases.

BACKGROUND: Blepharoptosis is defined as an abnormally low-lying upper eyelid margin in the primary gaze, causing vertical narrowing of the palpebral fissure. It is difficult to achieve consistently satisfactory results in moderate or severe cases despite many surgical methods being available to correct them. METHODS: Between January 2001 and December 2014, a retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records and perioperative photographs of 235 patients. All the patients, having presented with moderate or severe bilateral or unilateral blepharoptosis, underwent blepharoptosis correction with the interdigitated orbicularis oculi-frontalis muscle flap suspension technique and contemporaneous double-eyelid surgery. The results, including complications, were followed up and evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 17.4 years (range 3-50 years). The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 8 years, with a mean follow-up of 13 months. Long-term postoperative complications included undercorrection (3.0%), overcorrection (0.7%) and eyelid fold deformity (4.0%). No ectropion, entropion, fornix conjunctival prolapse or exposure keratitis was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Blepharoptosis correction with interdigitated orbicularis oculi-frontalis muscle flap suspension is an effective technique for the management of moderate or severe blepharoptosis. The results demonstrated very low complication rates and substantial cosmetic and functional improvement using simple manipulation.