Magneto-optical Properties of Chiral Co2Ln and Co3Ln2 (Ln = Dy and Er) Clusters.

A series of chiral heterometallic Ln-Co clusters, denoted as Co2Ln and Co3Ln2 (Ln = Dy and Er), were synthesized by reacting the chiral chelating ligand (R/S)-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)pyridine (Hmpm), CoAc2·4H2O, and Ln(NO3)3·6H2O. Co2Ln and Co3Ln2 exhibit perfect mirror images in circular dichroism within the 320-700 nm range. Notably, the Co2Er and Co3Er2 clusters display pronounced magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) responses of the hypersensitive f-f transitions 4I15/2-4G11/2 at 375 nm and 4I15/2-2H11/2 at 520 nm of ErIII ions. This study highlights the strong magneto-optical activity associated with hypersensitive f-f transitions in chiral 3d-4f magnetic clusters.

Necroptotic astrocytes induced neuronal apoptosis partially through EVs-derived pro-BDNF.

Our previous study showed that neuronal apoptosis was significantly increased upon treatment of conditioned medium (CM) from necroptotic astrocytes (NAS), leaving the underlying mechanism unclear. Considering the nutritive and supportive roles of astrocytes, we first examined the neurotrophic phenotype of necroptotic astrocytes with focus on glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), two important neurotrophic factors, and it was unexpectedly found that the expression of GDNF and BDNF were up-regulated in necroptotic astrocytes in vitro. A question was raised as to whether the functional secreted forms of neurotrophic factors were increased. Considering that extracellular vesicles (EVs) were carriers of secreted substances and their roles in cellular interaction, we isolated EVs from astrocytes and found EVs from normal and necroptotic astrocytes (EVs-NAS) had characteristics of exosomes. We then examined GDNF and BDNF in EVs-NAS, and BDNF was interestingly found as an immature form of pro-BDNF. The expression of pro-BDNF was found to be increased in EVs-NAS, and EVs-NAS had a negative effect on neuronal survival. To verify that whether pro-BDNF was involved in the detrimental effect of EVs-NAS, anti-pro-BDNF antibody was applied, and we found that neuronal apoptosis-induced by EVs-NAS could be significantly attenuated by blocking pro-BDNF, which suggested that necroptotic astrocytes induced neuronal apoptosis partially through EVs-derived pro-BDNF. The data expand our understanding in neurotrophic phenotype of necroptotic astrocytes, and may provide us new strategies targeting on EVs-NAS in treatment of neurological diseases.

Proteomic analysis of protective effects of polysaccharides from Salvia miltiorrhiza against immunological liver injury in mice.

This study was designed to investigate mechanisms of the protective effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide (SMPS) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immunological liver injury (ILI) in Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-primed mice. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis showed that three proteins are down-regulated and six proteins are up-regulated by SMPS. SMPS reduces the degree of liver injury by up-regulating the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, namely malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. LPS significantly increases nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and MDA level in BCG primed mice liver, whereas SMPS treatment protects against the immunological liver injury through inhibition of the NF-κB activation by up-regulation of PRDX6 and the subsequent attenuation of lipid peroxidation, iNOS expression and inflammation.

Proteomic analysis of chronic restraint stress-induced Gan (肝)-stagnancy syndrome in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the proteomic characteristics of Gan (肝)-stagnancy syndrome (GSS) by seeking the differential protein in blood and tissues of GSS model rats. METHODS: GSS model rats were established by chronic restraint stress, keeping rats in restrain chamber for 6 h every day for 21 successive days. Their blood and liver samples were collected at the end of experiment for differential protein detection with methods of isoelectrofocusing and polyacrylamide SDS-PAGE, silver staining, and scanning. The gel images were analyzed with Imagemaster 2D Elite software, and the excavated differential protein spots were identified with matrix assistant laser resolving TOF mass spectrometry, Western blot, ELISA, and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS: A method for isolating the protein in blood serum and tissues by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was established and optimized. Six serum proteins and three liver proteins that differentially expressed were identified. The down-regulated differential proteins in serum of GSS model rats were serum albumin precursor, beta 1 globin, antibody against muscle acetylcholine receptor, Ig lambda-2 C region, and transthyretin (TTR), and those in liver tissue were aryl sulfotransferase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, and TTR. TTR down-regulation was found in both serum and liver. Preliminary biological information analysis showed that these differential proteins involved in immune, neuroendocrine, nutrition, and substance metabolism. CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis of differential proteins showed that TTR, aryl sulfotransferase, and enoyl-CoA hydratase expressions are downregulated in the GSS model rats, suggesting that the susceptibility of cancer could be enhanced by chronic stress.

Effects of dahuangzhechong pills on cytokines and mitogen activated protein kinase activation in rats with hepatic fibrosis.

UNLABELLED: RELEVANCE TO ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY: Dahuangzhechong pill (DHZCP), a well-known and canonical Chinese medicine formula from "The Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber", is officially approved and recommended by Chinese association of integrative medicine for the prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis in China. AIM OF THE STUDY: To test the hypothesis that therapeutic effects of DHZCP on hepatic fibrosis are conferred by regulating cytokine profile through a mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hepatic fibrosis is inducted by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in rats which then were randomly divided into six groups: hepatic fibrosis model group, high dose DHZCP group, low dose DHZCP group, Fufang Biejia Ruangan Pian (FBRP) group, Colchicine group and control group. Pathological, immunohistochemical, multiplex immunoassay and protein expression studies (Western blotting) are performed. RESULTS: DHZCP significantly decreases the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, hyaluronic acid, laminin, type IV collagen and procollagen III, and reverses hepatic fibrosis in rat model. DHZCP also could reduce the expression of α-smooth muscle actin, and lower the serum level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 13 (IL-13). The expressions of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) are down-regulated, while no significant changes are found in phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). CONCLUSIONS: DHZCP can alleviate hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl(4). The anti-fibrotic effects of DHZCP are conferred by decreasing the secretion of TNF-α and IL-13 through down-regulating p38 and ERK phosphorylation.

[Apoptosis and activity changes of telomerase induced by essential oil from pine needles in HepG2 cell line].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of essential oil extracted from pine needles on HepG2 cell line. METHODS: HepG2 cells were treated with essential oil extracted from pine needles. Cell growth rate was determined with MTF assay, cell morphologic changes were examined under transmission electromicroscope and HE straining. Flow cytometry was used to exmine apoptotic cells. Bcl-2 gene expression was determined by flow cytometry and telomerase activity by TRAP assay. RESULTS: Essential oils from pine needles could not only repress the growth of HepG2 cells significantly, but also induce apoptosis to them. Both dose-effect and time-effect relationship could be confirmed. Typical morphology changes of apoptosis such as nuclear enrichment and karyorrhexis were observed through transmission electromicroscope and HE straining. Telomerase activity was down regulated in the essential oil extracted from pine needles induced apoptotic cells. The expression of bcl-2 gene was suppressed after the essential oil from pine needles treatement. CONCLUSION: The essential oil extracted from pine needles can inhibit cell growth of HepG2 cell line and induce apoptosis, which may associate with inhibition of telomerase activity and bcl-2 may be involved in the regulation of telomerase activity.

[Effects of bagasse polysaccharide on the immune functions of immunosuppressed mice].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of bagasse polysaccharide on the immune functions of immunosuppressed mice. METHODS: Immunosuppressed mouse models were established by intraperitoneal injections with cyclophosphamide followed by daily intragastric administration of bagasse polysaccharide. After the treatments, the mice were examined for immune organ weight index, phagocytotic function of the macrophages, delayed type hypersensitivity, serum IgM level following exposure to chicken red blood cells, formation of hemolytic plaques, T cell percentage and lymphocyte transformation. RESULTS: Treatment of the immunosuppressed mice with bagasse polysaccharide at the daily dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly increased the weight of the immune organs, phagocytotic function of the macrophages, delayed type hypersensitivity, serum IgM level against chicken red blood cells, formation of hemolytic plaques, T cell percentage and lymphocyte transformation. CONCLUSION: Bagasse polysaccharide can enhance the immune functions of immunosuppressed mice.

[Clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes of IgA nephropathy in elder patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical, pathological characteristics and outcomes of IgA nephropathy in the elderly. METHODS: Seventy patients over age 60 with IgA nephropathy were studied and compared with 82 patients under 60 years in the clinical and pathological features as well as the outcomes. RESULTS: Compared with non-elderly group, elder group patients had higher blood pressure [systolic pressure (142.0+/-20.4) mmHg vs (124.2+/-16.9) mmHg (1mmHg=0.133 kPa), diastolic pressure (83.1+/-11.8) mmHg vs (78.9+/-12.3) mmHg], serum creatinine [(172.7+/-125.8) micromol/L vs (94.4+/-42.5) micromol/L], serum cholesterol[(5.7+/-1.6) mmol/L vs (5.1+/-1.6) mmol/L], 24 hj urinary protein excretion rate [(3.4+/-2.9) g/d vs (1.8+/-2.0) g/d], and the incidence of CKD stages 3-5(64.0% vs 14.6%)(P<0.05). No significant differences were seen in the disease courses, rate of gross hematuria, serum triglyceride and serum IgA level between two groups(P>0.05).Renal pathological investigation showed the chronic lesions were dominated in elder group. There was significant difference in portion of glomerular sclerosis [(19.7+/-20.1)% vs (13.4+/-17.8)%], renal tubule atrophy (>1 score,34.2% vs 25.6%), interstitial fibrosis (>1,score 34.2% vs 18.2%), and arteriolosclerosis (>2 score,20.0% vs 8.5%) between two groups (P<0.05). However, there were no significant difference in proportion of mesangial proliferation, crescent and interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration (P>0.05). After a mean post-biopsy follow-up of (34.6+/-33.3) months, the 3-year and the 5-year renal survival rates for elder group were 74.6% and 62.2%, respectively, which were lower than those of non-elder group (100% and 92.9%, P=0.002). CONCLUSION: Elder patients with IgA nephropathy were more likely to suffer from hypertension, hyperlipidemia, renal insufficiency and chronic pathologic lesions, which might be the risk factors for the patient's unfavorable prognosis.

Protection of a polysaccharide from Salvia miltiorrhiza, a Chinese medicinal herb, against immunological liver injury in mice.

This study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of S. miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPS) in immunological liver injury induced by Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. SMPS effectively improved the liver index, spleen index and thymus index, reduced the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and nitric oxide, and restored liver homogenate contents of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta. The histopathological analysis suggested that SMPS reduced the degree of liver injury. The results suggest that SMPS play a protective role against immunological liver injury, which may have important implications for our understanding on the immunoregulatory mechanisms of polysaccharides.

[Protective effects of Hongbeiyegen against immunological liver injury in mice].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effects of Hongbeiyegen (HBYG) against immunological liver injury induced by bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: Immunological liver injury was induced in rats by BCG and LPS injected via the tail vein. The liver index, thymus index and spleen index were calculated and the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and nitric oxide (NO) and liver homogenate contents of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) were determined. RESULTS: HBYG significantly improved the liver index, thymus index and spleen index, and reduced the serum levels of ALT, AST and NO, and as the liver homogenate contents of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. CONCLUSION: HBYG offers obvious protective effects against immunological injury liver in mice.

[Comparative analysis of clinicopathological findings and outcome of Henoch-Schonlein nephritis and IgA nephropathy in adults].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinicopathological findings and prognosis of Henoch-Schonlein nephritis (HSPN) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in adults. METHODS: We enrolled 31 patients with HSPN and 62 patients with IgAN in the present study. They were followed up for 47+/-23 months and 47+/-20 months respectively, and their clinical manifestations and renal pathological findings were collected. Renal pathological changes were semiquantitatively graded. RESULTS: The clinical manifestations, including hypertension, excretion of serum creatinine and urinary protein, were similar in patients with HSPN and IgAN [38.7% vs 27.4%, (121+/-164) vs (106+/-43) micromol/L, (3.2+/-3.1) vs (2.8+/-2.9) g/d, P>0.05]. Renal pathological investigation showed endothelial proliferation in 40.6% (13/31) of HSPN patients and 19.4% (12/62) of IgAN patients and the difference was significant (P=0.021). In patients with IgAN, the tubulointerstitial chronicity index was higher than that in HSPN (2 vs 1, P=0.009), but there were no statistically significant differences in crescent formation(including segmental glomerular necrosis) and glomerular sclerosis(1 vs 0, 1 vs 1, P>0.05). In patients with HSPN capillary wall staining for IgA was more frequently found than in IgAN (71.0% vs 43.5%, P=0.013). With creatinine level doubling as the end point, the follow-up data indicated that the renal survival was 87.1% in HSPN and 91.9% in IgAN and there was no statistically significant difference between HSPN and IgAN (P=0.481). CONCLUSION: Although significant pathological difference was found between HSPN and IgAN, the renal clinical manifestations and long term outcome were similar between the two diseases in adults.

[Therapeutic effect of Hongbeiyegen on alcohol-induced rat hepatic fibrosis].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effect of Hongbeiyegen [the root of Alchornea trewioides(Benth.) Muell.-Arg.] on alcohol-induced liver fibrosis (AF) in rats and explore its mechanism. METHODS: In rats with AF, the serum levels of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were detected along with examination of the changes in serum hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), procolagen type III (PC III), collagen type IV (C IV), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT) and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (AST) levels. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, Hongbeiyegen could significantly reduce the levels of TGFbeta1, TIMP-1, HA, LN, PC III, CIV, ALT and AST in rats with AF. CONCLUSION: Hongbeiyegen can relieve and ameliorate liver fibrosis possibly by inhibiting the expression of TGFbeta1 and TIMP-1.