Self-assembled carbon monoxide nanogenerators managing sepsis through scavenging multiple inflammatory mediators.

Sepsis, a life-threatening syndrome of organ damage resulting from dysregulated inflammatory response, is distinguished by overexpression of inflammatory cytokines, excessive generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS), heightened activation of pyroptosis, and suppression of autophagy. However, current clinical symptomatic supportive treatment has failed to reduce the high mortality. Herein, we developed self-assembled multifunctional carbon monoxide nanogenerators (Nano CO), as sepsis drug candidates, which can release CO in response to ROS, resulting in clearing bacteria and activating the heme oxygenase-1/CO system. This activation strengthened endogenous protection and scavenged multiple inflammatory mediators to alleviate the cytokine storm, including scavenging RONS and cfDNA, inhibiting macrophage activation, blocking pyroptosis and activating autophagy. Animal experiments show that Nano CO has a good therapeutic effect on mice with LPS-induced sepsis, which is manifested in hypothermia recovery, organ damage repair, and a 50% decrease in mortality rates. Taken together, these results illustrated the efficacy of multifunctional Nano CO to target clearance of multiple mediators in sepsis treatment and act against other refractory inflammation-related diseases.

Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart versus Biphasic Insulin Aspart 30 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: We systematically reviewed and analyzed the efficacy and safety of insulin degludec/insulin as-part (IDegAsp) versus biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: We used computers to search the Embase, PubMed, Clinical Trials, and the Cochrane Library database, and collected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the treatment of IDegAsp versus BIAsp 30 in T2D patients. The research period was from the establishment of the database to May 19, 2023. We used Review Manager 5.20 statistical software for systematic meta-analysis. Results: We included 8 RCTs with 2281 participants. IDegAsp was better to BIAsp30 in improving fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (P<0.001) and reducing the endpoint daily average insulin dose (P<0.01). Furthermore, compared with BIAsp30, IDegAsp significantly reduced the risk of nocturnal hypoglycemic events (P<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the improvement of body weight change (P=0.99), glycosylated hemoglobin (P=0.50), the overall risk of hypoglycemic events (P=0.57) and adverse events (P=0.89) between the two groups. Conclusion: Compared with BIAsp30, IDegAsp could significantly reduce FPG levels, insulin dosage, and the risk of nocturnal hypoglycemic events in T2D patients, without increasing the overall risk of adverse events.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli infection: innate immune disorder, bladder damage, and Tailin Fang II.

Background: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) activates innate immune response upon invading the urinary tract, whereas UPEC can also enter bladder epithelial cells (BECs) through interactions with fusiform vesicles on cell surfaces and subsequently escape from the vesicles into the cytoplasm to establish intracellular bacterial communities, finally evading the host immune system and leading to recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI). Tailin Fang II (TLF-II) is a Chinese herbal formulation composed of botanicals that has been clinically proven to be effective in treating urinary tract infection (UTI). However, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Methods: Network pharmacology analysis of TLF-II was conducted. Female Balb/C mice were transurethrally inoculated with UPEC CFT073 strain to establish the UTI mouse model. Levofloxacin was used as a positive control. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: negative control, UTI, TLF-II, and levofloxacin. Histopathological changes in bladder tissues were assessed by evaluating the bladder organ index and performing hematoxylin-eosin staining. The bacterial load in the bladder tissue and urine sample of mice was quantified. Activation of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway was investigated through immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The urinary levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 and urine leukocyte counts were monitored. We also determined the protein expressions of markers associated with fusiform vesicles, Rab27b and Galectin-3, and levels of the phosphate transporter protein SLC20A1. Subsequently, the co-localization of Rab27b and SLC20A1 with CFT073 was examined using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Results: Data of network pharmacology analysis suggested that TLF-II could against UTI through multiple targets and pathways associated with innate immunity and inflammation. Additionally, TLF-II significantly attenuated UPEC-induced bladder injury and reduced the bladder bacterial load. Meanwhile, TLF-II inhibited the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB on BECs and decreased the urine levels of IL-1ß and IL-6 and urine leukocyte counts. TLF-II reduced SLC20A1 and Galectin-3 expressions and increased Rab27b expression. The co-localization of SLC20A1 and Rab27b with CFT073 was significantly reduced in the TLF-II group. Conclusion: Collectively, innate immunity and bacterial escape from fusiform vesicles play important roles in UPEC-induced bladder infections. Our findings suggest that TLF-II combats UPEC-induced bladder infections by effectively mitigating bladder inflammation and preventing bacterial escape from fusiform vesicles into the cytoplasm. The findings suggest that TLF-II is a promising option for treating UTI and reducing its recurrence.

H2O2 self-supplying and GSH-depleting nanosystem for amplified NIR mediated-chemodynamic therapy of MRSA biofilm-associated infections.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) has emerged as potent therapeutic agents for biofilm-associated bacterial infections. Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), involving the generation of high-energy ROS, displays great potential in the therapy of bacterial infections. However, challenges such as insufficient hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and over-expressed glutathione (GSH) levels within the microenvironment of bacterial biofilms severely limit the antibacterial efficacy of CDT. Herein, we have developed a multifunctional nanoplatform (CuS@CaO2@Dex) by integrating copper sulfide (CuS) and calcium peroxide (CaO2) into dextran (Dex)-coated nanoparticles. This innovative platform enhanced ROS generation for highly efficient biofilm elimination by simultaneously supplying H2O2 and depleting GSH. The Dex-coating facilitated the penetrability of CuS@CaO2@Dex into biofilms, while CaO2 generated a substantial amount of H2O2 in the acidic biofilm microenvironment. CuS, through a Fenton-like reaction, catalyzed the conversion of self-supplied H2O2 into hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and consumed the overexpressed GSH. Additionally, the incorporation of near-infrared II (NIR II) laser irradiation enhanced the photothermal properties of CuS, improving the catalytic efficiency of the Fenton-like reaction for enhanced antibacterial effects. In vivo experiments have demonstrated that CuS@CaO2@Dex exhibited remarkable antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy, exceptional wound healing capabilities, and notable biosafety. In summary, the Dex-coated nanoplatform proposed in this study, with its self-sterilization capability through ROS, holds significant potential for future biomedical applications.

Tetramethylpyrazine attenuates renal tubular epithelial cell ferroptosis in contrast-induced nephropathy by inhibiting transferrin receptor and intracellular reactive oxygen species.

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a leading cause of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (AKI). Recently, ferroptosis was reported to be crucial for AKI pathogenesis. Our previous studies indicated antioxidant tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) prevent CIN in vivo. However, whether ferroptosis is involved in TMP nephroprotective mechanism against CIN is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of renal tubular epithelial cell ferroptosis in TMP reno-protective effect against CIN and the molecular mechanisms by which TMP regulates ferroptosis. Classical contrast-medium, Iohexol, was used to construct CIN models in rats and HK-2 cells. Results showed that tubular cell injury was accompanied by ferroptosis both in vivo and in vitro, including the typical features of ferroptosis, Fe2+ accumulation, lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Ferroptosis inhibition by classic inhibitors Fer-1 and DFO promoted cell viability and reduced intracellular ROS production. Additionally, TMP significantly inhibited renal dysfunction, reduced AKI biomarkers, prevented ROS production, inhibited renal Fe2+ accumulation and increased GPX4 expression. Expressions of various proteins associated with iron ion metabolism, including transferrin receptor (TFRC), divalent metal transporter 1, iron-responsive element binding protein 2, ferritin heavy chain 1, ferroportin 1, and heat shock factor binding protein 1, were examined using mechanistic analyses. Among these, TFRC changes were the most significant after TMP pretreatment. Results of siRNA knockdown and plasmid overexpression of TFRC indicated that TFRC is essential for TMP to alleviate ferroptosis and reduce LDH release, Fe2+ accumulation and intracellular ROS. Our findings provide crucial insights about the potential of TMP in treating AKI associated with ferroptosis.

EEGNet-based multi-source domain filter for BCI transfer learning.

Deep learning has great potential on decoding EEG in brain-computer interface. While common deep learning algorithms cannot directly train models with data from multiple individuals because of the inter-individual differences in EEG. Collecting enough data for each subject to satisfy the training of deep learning would result in an increase in training cost. This study proposes a novel transfer learning, EEGNet-based multi-source domain filter for transfer learning (EEGNet-MDFTL), to reduce the amount of training data and improve the performance of BCI. The EEGNet-MDFTL uses bagging ensemble learning to learn domain-invariant features from the multi-source domain and utilizes model loss value to filter the multi-source domain. Compared with baseline methods, the accuracy of the EEGNet-MDFTL reaches 91.96%, higher than two state-of-the-art methods, which demonstrates source domain filter can select similar source domains to improve the accuracy of the model, and remains a high level even when the data amount is reduced to 1/8, proving that ensemble learning learns enough domain invariant features from the multi-source domain to make the model insensitive to data amount. The proposed EEGNet-MDFTL is effective in improving the decoding performance with a small amount of data, which is helpful to save the BCI training cost.

Pore- and Core-Scale Recovery Performance of Consortium Bacteria from Low-Permeability Reservoir.

Performance evaluation of microorganisms that have emulsifying and degrading effects on crude oil has been extensively conducted in the laboratory. However, the ultimate goal of microbial enhanced oil recovery is field application, so the pilot simulation experiments are crucial. In this study, a micro-visualization model and the real cores were chosen to investigate the actual recovery efficiency and the mechanism of the consortium bacteria B-ALL, which has been proven to have good emulsification and degradation effects in lab studies in porous media. At the same time, the cast thin sections and rate-controlled porosimetry were combined to analyze the pore throat structure of the displacement core. It was found that the recovery efficiency was positively correlated with the microbial injection volume as well as the incubation time. For the microscopic model with high pores and high permeability, the efficiency of secondary water flooding can be increased by 44.77% after six days of incubation with two pore volume microbes. For the real tight cores, the maximum secondary water flooding efficiency under the same condition was 6.98%. Through visual modeling, microorganisms increase the oil washing efficiency mainly by emulsification and changing the wettability. The generated oil droplets will play a role in plugging and improving the wave efficiency. However, tight reservoirs have the characteristics of large pores and small throats, and curved and necking throats are developed, greatly reducing permeability. The microbial recovery efficiency was lower under shorter cultivation times. This study provides a practical basis for the application of consortium bacteria in tight oil fields to enhance recovery.

Carbon and hydrogen stable isotope fractionation due to monooxygenation of short-chain alkanes by butane monooxygenase of Thauera butanivorans Bu-B1211.

Multi element compound-specific stable isotope analysis (ME-CSIA) is a tool to assess (bio)chemical reactions of molecules in the environment based on their isotopic fingerprints. To that effect, ME-CSIA concepts are initially developed with laboratory model experiments to determine the isotope fractionation factors specific for distinct (bio)chemical reactions. Here, we determined for the first time the carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation factors for the monooxygenation of the short-chain alkanes ethane, propane, and butane. As model organism we used Thauera butanivorans strain Bu-B1211 which employs a non-haem iron monooxygenase (butane monooxygenase) to activate alkanes. Monooxygenation of alkanes was associated with strong carbon and hydrogen isotope effects: εbulkC = -2.95 ± 0.5 ‰ for ethane, -2.68 ± 0.1 ‰ for propane, -1.19 ± 0.18 ‰ for butane; εbulkH = -56.3 ± 15 ‰ for ethane, -40.5 ± 2.3 ‰ for propane, -14.6 ± 3.6 ‰ for butane. This resulted in lambda (Λ ≈ εHbulk/εCbulk) values of 16.2 ± 3.7 for ethane, 13.2 ± 0.7 for propane, and 11.4 ± 2.8 for butane. The results show that ME-CSIA can be used to track the occurrence and impact of monooxygenase-dependent aerobic processes converting short-chain alkanes in natural settings like marine and terrestrial seeps, gas reservoirs, and other geological formations impacted by natural gas.

Application of a novel phage LPCS28 for biological control of Cronobacter sakazakii in milk and reconstituted powdered infant formula.

Contamination of infant formula with Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) can cause fatal infections in neonates. Phages have emerged as promising antibacterial agents for food safety, but their effectiveness may be limited by thermal processing. In this study, we isolated 27 C. sakazakii phages from environmental water samples and selected LPCS28 due to its broad lysis spectrum. The titer of LPCS28 will not be significantly affected by heating at a temperature of 60 °C for one hour. In both reconstituted powdered infant formula (RPIF) and liquid milk, the pre-added LPCS28, after the thermal processing at 63 °C for 30 min, significantly inhibited the post-contaminated C. sakazakii (103 CFU/mL) and eventually reduced the number of C. sakazakii to below the limit of detection (<10 CFU/mL) within 9 h at 37 °C and significantly delayed the increase of bacterial concentration in the samples at 23 °C. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that LPCS28 belonged to a new genus, we proposed as Nanhuvirus, under the family Straboviridae. These findings suggest that phage LPCS28 is a promising biological control agent for pathogenic C. sakazakii in the dairy industry.

An Overview of Stimuli-Responsive Intelligent Antibacterial Nanomaterials.

Drug-resistant bacteria and infectious diseases associated with biofilms pose a significant global health threat. The integration and advancement of nanotechnology in antibacterial research offer a promising avenue to combat bacterial resistance. Nanomaterials possess numerous advantages, such as customizable designs, adjustable shapes and sizes, and the ability to synergistically utilize multiple active components, allowing for precise targeting based on specific microenvironmental variations. They serve as a promising alternative to antibiotics with diverse medical applications. Here, we discuss the formation of bacterial resistance and antibacterial strategies, and focuses on utilizing the distinctive physicochemical properties of nanomaterials to achieve inherent antibacterial effects by investigating the mechanisms of bacterial resistance. Additionally, we discuss the advancements in developing intelligent nanoscale antibacterial agents that exhibit responsiveness to both endogenous and exogenous responsive stimuli. These nanomaterials hold potential for enhanced antibacterial efficacy by utilizing stimuli such as pH, temperature, light, or ultrasound. Finally, we provide a comprehensive outlook on the existing challenges and future clinical prospects, offering valuable insights for the development of safer and more effective antibacterial nanomaterials.

Improving the safety and efficacy of phage therapy from the perspective of phage-mammal interactions.

Phage therapy has re-emerged as a promising solution for combating antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections. Increasingly, studies have revealed that phages possess therapeutic potential beyond their antimicrobial properties, including regulating the gut microbiome and maintain intestinal homeostasis, as a novel nanocarrier for targeted drug delivery. However, the complexity and unpredictability of phage behavior during treatment pose a significant challenge in clinical practice. The intricate interactions established between phages, humans, and bacteria throughout their long coexistence in the natural ecosystem contribute to the complexity of phage behavior in therapy, raising concerns about their efficacy and safety as therapeutic agents. Revealing the mechanisms by which phages interact with the human body will provide a theoretical basis for increased application of promising phage therapy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of phage-mammal interactions, including signaling pathways, adaptive immunity responses, and phage-mediated anti-inflammatory responses. Then, from the perspective of phage-mammalian immune system interactions, we present the first systematic overview of the factors affecting phage therapy, such as the mode of administration, the physiological status of the patient, and the biological properties of the phage, to offer new insights into phage therapy for various human diseases.

Nephroprotective mechanisms of Rhizoma Chuanxiong and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei against acute renal injury and renal fibrosis based on network pharmacology and experimental validation.

The molecular mechanisms of Rhizoma Chuanxiong (Chuanxiong, CX) and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (Dahuang, DH) in treating acute kidney injury (AKI) and subsequent renal fibrosis (RF) were investigated in this study by applying network pharmacology and experimental validation. The results showed that aloe-emodin, (-)-catechin, beta-sitosterol, and folic acid were the core active ingredients, and TP53, AKT1, CSF1R, and TGFBR1 were the core target genes. Enrichment analyses showed that the key signaling pathways were the MAPK and IL-17 signaling pathways. In vivo experiments confirmed that Chuanxiong and Dahuang pretreatments significantly inhibited the levels of SCr, BUN, UNAG, and UGGT in contrast media-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) rats (p < 0.001). The results of Western blotting showed that compared with the control group, the protein levels of p-p38/p38 MAPK, p53, and Bax in the contrast media-induced acute kidney injury group were significantly increased, and the levels of Bcl-2 were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). Chuanxiong and Dahuang interventions significantly reversed the expression levels of these proteins (p < 0.01). The localization and quantification of p-p53 expression in immunohistochemistry technology also support the aforementioned results. In conclusion, our data also suggest that Chuanxiong and Dahuang may inhibit tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and improve acute kidney injury and renal fibrosis by inhibiting p38 MAPK/p53 signaling.

Potential therapeutic effects of Chinese meteria medica in mitigating drug-induced acute kidney injury.

Drug-induced acute kidney injury (DI-AKI) is one of the leading causes of kidney injury, is associated with high mortality and morbidity, and limits the clinical use of certain therapeutic or diagnostic agents, such as antineoplastic drugs, antibiotics, immunosuppressants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and contrast media. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that many Chinese meteria medica, metabolites derived from botanical drugs, and Chinese medicinal formulas confer protective effects against DI-AKI by targeting a variety of cellular or molecular mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory, cell necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. This review summarizes the research status of common DI-AKI with Chinese meteria medica interventions, including cisplatin, gentamicin, contrast agents, methotrexate, and acetaminophen. At the same time, this review introduces the metabolites with application prospects represented by ginseng saponins, tetramethylpyrazine, panax notoginseng saponins, and curcumin. Overall, this review provides a reference for the development of promising nephroprotectants.

Combine thermal processing with polyvalent phage LPEK22 to prevent the Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica contamination in food.

Thermal processing is the most frequently used method to destruct bacteria in food processing. However, insufficient thermal processing may lead to the outbreak of foodborne illness. This study combined thermal processing with thermostable phage to prevent food contamination. The thermostable phages were screened which can retain activity at 70 °C for 1 h. Among them, the polyvalent phage LPEK22 was obtained to lyse Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, especially several multi-drug resistant bacteria. In milk (liquid food matrix), LPEK22 significantly reduced the E. coli by 5.00 ± 0.18 log10 CFU/mL and S. enterica by 4.20 ± 0.23 log10 CFU/mL after thermal processing at 63 °C for 30 min. For beef sausage (solid food matrix), LPEK22 significantly reduced the E. coli by 2.34 ± 0.17 log10 CFU/cm2 and S. enterica by 1.54 ± 0.13 log10 CFU/cm2 after thermal processing at 66 °C for 90 s. Genome analysis revealed that LPEK22 was a novel phage with a unique tail spike protein belonging to the family of Ackermannviridae. LPEK22 did not contain lysogenic, drug-resistant, and virulent genes that may compromise the safety of food application. These results determined that LPEK22, a novel polyvalent Ackermannviridae phage, could combine with thermal processing to prevent drug-resistant E. coli and S. enterica both in vitro and in foods.

An injectable multifunctional hydrogel for eradication of bacterial biofilms and wound healing.

Wound treatment is largely influenced by pre-existing hypoxic microenvironments and biofilms, which can severely diminish the efficacy of phototherapy, suggesting the importance of multifunctional nanoplatforms for synergistic treatment of wound infections. Here, we developed a multifunctional injectable hydrogel (PSPG hydrogel) by loading photothermal sensitive sodium nitroprusside (SNP) into Pt-modified porphyrin metal organic framework (PCN) and in situ modification of gold particles to form a near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered all-in-one phototherapeutic nanoplatform. The Pt-modified nanoplatform exhibits a remarkable catalase-like behavior and promotes the continuous decomposition of endogenous H2O2 into O2, thereby enhancing the photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect under hypoxia. Under dual NIR irradiation, PSPG hydrogel can not only produce hyperthermia (η=89.21%) but also generate reactive oxygen species and trigger NO release, contributing jointly to removal of biofilms and disruption of the cell membranes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). In vivo experiments demonstrated a 99.9% reduction in bacterial burden on wounds. Additionally, PSPG hydrogel can accelerate MRSA-infected and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected (P. aeruginosa-infected) wound healing by promoting angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and suppressing inflammatory responses. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that PSPG hydrogel has good cytocompatibility. Overall, we proposed an antimicrobial strategy to eliminate bacteria through the synergistic effects of gas-photodynamic-photothermal killing, alleviating hypoxia in the bacterial infection microenvironment, and inhibiting biofilms, offering a new way against antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-associated infections. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The NIR light-triggered multifunctional injectable hydrogel nanoplatform (PSPG hydrogel) based on Pt-decorated gold nanoparticles with sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-loading porphyrin metal organic framework (PCN) as inner templates can efficiently perform photothermal conversion (η=89.21%) to trigger NO release from SNP, while continuously regulating the hypoxic microenvironment at the bacterial infection site through Pt-induced self-oxygenation, achieving efficient sterilization and removal of biofilm by synergistic PDT and PTT phototherapy. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that the PSPG hydrogel has significant anti-biofilm, antibacterial, and inflammatory regulatory functions. This study proposed an antimicrobial strategy to eliminate bacteria through the synergistic effects of gas-photodynamic-photothermal killing, alleviating hypoxia in the bacterial infection microenvironment, and inhibiting biofilms.

Bistatic Radar Cooperative Imaging Based on Complementary Random Waveform.

The cooperative imaging of the bistatic radar is an important research topic for missile-borne radar detection. The existing missile-borne radar detection system is mainly based on the target plot information separately extracted by each radar for data level fusion, without considering the gain brought by the cooperative processing of the radar target echo signal. In this paper, a random frequency-hopping waveform is designed for the bistatic radar to achieve efficient motion compensation. A coherent processing algorithm for bistatic echo signals is designed to achieve band fusion and improve the signal quality and range resolution of the radar. Simulation and high-frequency electromagnetic calculation data were used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Nickel-Catalyzed Desulfonylative Reductive Cross-Coupling of Aryl Sulfones with Aryl Bromides.

Herein, a nickel catalysis system for desulfonylative C(sp2)-C(sp2) reductive cross-coupling reactions of aryl sulfone derivatives with a range of aryl bromides has been established to form diverse biaryl compounds. The complex Ar-Ni(II)-SO2CF3 bearing a phosphine ligand through oxidative addition of aryl sulfone to Ni(0) species was isolated and confirmed by an X-ray, which provides solid evidence for the understanding of the C(Ar)-SO2 bond activation and reaction mechanism.

Soybean rhizosphere microorganisms alleviate Mo nanomaterials induced stress by improving soil microbial community structure.

With the wide application of nanomaterials (NMs) in agriculture, it is particularly important to assess the impact of these NMs on soil microorganisms. In this study, different varieties of soybean rhizosphere microorganisms (RM) were employed to simulate the alleviate effect of molybdenum nanoparticles (Mo NPs) induced stress in presence of soybean plants. Mo NPs caused serious toxic effects on soybean growth and nitrogen fixation at a concentration of 100 mg kg-1: plant height and biomass were reduced by 56.4% and 82.8%, respectively, and the ability to fix nitrogen was almostly lost. However, after adding different varieties of soybean RM (RM-Williams 82, RM-Youchun 1204, and RM-Zhongdou 41), the stress caused by high concentrations of Mo NPs on soybean plants was significantly reduced. The plant height, root length, biomass, and nitrogen fixation ability were improved by 70.8%, 80.7%, 145.8%, and 349.8%, respectively, following the addition of soybean RM-Williams 82. High-throughput sequencing revealed that Mo NPs treatment affected the microbial community structure. Among them, Flavisolibacter and Caulobacter genera abundance increased significantly, which might be the key factor in relieving Mo NPs-induced stress on soybean growth. These findings suggest a novel mode of RM as a promising strategy to prevent deleterious effects of stress with NPs on plants in the future.

Advances in image-guided drug delivery for antibacterial therapy.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains is seriously endangering the global healthcare system. There is an urgent need for combining imaging with therapies to realize the real-time monitoring of pathological condition and treatment progress. It also provides guidance on exploring new medicines and enhance treatment strategies to overcome the antibiotic resistance of existing conventional antibiotics. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the most advanced image-guided approaches for bacterial diagnosis (e.g., computed tomography imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, photoacoustic imaging, ultrasound imaging, fluorescence imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography imaging, and multiple imaging), and therapies (e.g., photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and multiple therapies). This review focuses on how to design and fabricate photo-responsive materials for improved image-guided bacterial theranostics applications. We present a potential application of different image-guided modalities for both bacterial diagnosis and therapies with representative examples. Finally, we highlighted the current challenges and future perspectives image-guided approaches for future clinical translation of nano-theranostics in bacterial infections therapies. We envision that this review will provide for future development in image-guided systems for bacterial theranostics applications.