RESUMO
In this research, we investigate the stability of a Li-ion cathode created by mixing a borate based glass which has been doped with Ni/Co and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). V2O5 has a high specific capacity in battery systems because of its layered structure and variety of oxidation states. However, due to the flimsy structure, the capacity stability of V2O5 is fairly low. In this case, we seek to overcome the problem by mixing Ni/Co-doped borate based glass. The voltage-capacity graph demonstrates that the form of the glass mix was changed from a stairway shape to a straight line while the capacity was not much decreased. The crystallography study using X-ray diffractograms looked at whether the cycling test had changed the crystal structure of V2O5. The X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) results also reveal that V2O5's oxidation state changed from V5+ to V4+. The glass mix can retain more of the V5+ state, indicating that glass mixture helps to release the Li-ions trapped in the structure. The findings of this study might contribute to the rapid advancement of renewable energy and electric vehicle technology.
RESUMO
X-ray absorption and Auger electron spectroscopies are demonstrated to be powerful tools to unravel the electronic structure of solvated ions. In this work for the first time, we use a combination of these methods in the tender X-ray regime. This allowed us to address electronic transitions from deep core levels, to probe environmental effects, specifically in the bulk of the solution since the created energetic Auger electrons possess large mean free paths, and moreover, to obtain dynamical information about the ultrafast delocalization of the core-excited electron. In the considered exemplary aqueous KCl solution, the solvated isoelectronic K+ and Cl- ions exhibit notably different Auger electron spectra as a function of the photon energy. Differences appear due to dipole-forbidden transitions in aqueous K+ whose occurrence, according to the performed ab initio calculations, becomes possible only in the presence of solvent water molecules.
RESUMO
An energy-dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy beamline has been constructed at the Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Thailand. The beamline was designed to utilize the synchrotron radiation with photon energies between 2400 and 8000 eV. The horizontal focusing of the bent crystal in the energy-dispersive monochromator offers a small polychromatic focal spot of 1 mm at the sample position. By employing an energy-dispersive scheme, the whole X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) can be obtained simultaneously using a position-sensitive detector with a fastest readout speed of 25 ms. The short data collection time opens a new opportunity for time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiments such as studies of changes of the electronic structures or the local coordination environments of an atom during a change in thermodynamic conditions. For this purpose, an in situ cell was designed and fabricated for the beamline. Thermal oxidation of TiO(2) was chosen as an in situ experiment example. The structural change of TiO(2) as a function of temperatures was monitored from the change in the measured XAS spectra. The obtained Ti K-edge XANES spectra clearly show the formation of an anatase phase when the temperature was raised to 673 K.
RESUMO
The behavior of chromium during the production of cement clinker, during the hydration of cement and during the leaching of cement mortars was investigated. The microstructures of clinker and mortar properties were investigated using free lime, XRD, SEM/EDS, and TG/DTA techniques. Chromium was found to be incorporated in the clinker phase. The formation of new chromium compounds such as Ca(6)Al(4)Cr(2)O(15), Ca(5)Cr(3)O(12), Ca(5)Cr(2)SiO(12), and CaCr(2)O(7), with chromium oxidation states of +3, +4.6, +5, and +6, respectively, was detected. After the hydration process, additional chromium compounds were identified in the mortar matrix, including Ca(5)(CrO(4))(3)OH, CaCrO(4)·2H(2)O, and Al(2)(OH)(4)CrO(4), with chromium oxidation states of +4.6, +6, and +6, respectively. Additionally, some species of chromium, such as Cr(3+) from Ca(6)Al(4)Cr(2)O(15) and Cr(6+) from CaCr(2)O(7), CaCrO(4)·2H(2)O, and Al(2)(OH)(4)CrO(4), were leached during leaching tests, whereas other species remained in the mortar. The concentrations of chromium that leached from the mortar following U.S. EPA Method 1311 and EA NEN 7375:2004 leaching tests were higher than limits set by the U.S. EPA and the Environment Agency of England and Wales related to hazardous waste disposal in landfills. Thus, waste containing chromium should not be allowed to mix with raw materials in the cement manufacturing process.
