Outlier Vehicle Trajectory Detection Using Deep Autoencoders in Santiago, Chile.

In the last decade, a large amount of data from vehicle location sensors has been generated due to the massification of GPS systems to track them. This is because these sensors usually include multiple variables such as position, speed, angular position of the vehicle, etc., and, furthermore, they are also usually recorded in very short time intervals. On the other hand, routes are often generated so that they do not correspond to reality, due to artifacts such as buildings, bridges, or sensor failures and where, due to the large amount of data, visual analysis of human expert is unable to detect genuinely anomalous routes. The presence of such abnormalities can lead to faulty sensors being detected which may allow sensor replacement to reliably track the vehicle. However, given the reliability of the available sensors, there are very few examples of such anomalies, which can make it difficult to apply supervised learning techniques. In this work we propose the use of unsupervised deep neural network models based on stacked autoencoders to detect anomalous routes in vehicles within Santiago de Chile. The results show that the proposed model is capable of effectively detecting anomalous paths in real data considering validation given by an expert user, reaching a performance of 82.1% on average. As future work, we propose to incorporate the use of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and attention-based networks in order to improve the detection of anomalous trajectories.

Burden of Norovirus and Rotavirus in Children After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction, Cochabamba, Bolivia.

The effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine in the field may set the stage for a changing landscape of diarrheal illness affecting children worldwide. Norovirus and rotavirus are the two major viral enteropathogens of childhood. This study describes the prevalence of norovirus and rotavirus 2 years after widespread rotavirus vaccination in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Stool samples from hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and outpatients aged 5-24 months without AGE were recruited from an urban hospital serving Bolivia's third largest city. Both viruses were genotyped, and norovirus GII.4 was further sequenced. Norovirus was found much more frequently than rotavirus. Norovirus was detected in 69/201 (34.3%) of specimens from children with AGE and 13/71 (18.3%) of those without diarrhea. Rotavirus was detected in 38/201 (18.9%) of diarrheal specimens and 3/71 (4.2%) of non-diarrheal specimens. Norovirus GII was identified in 97.8% of norovirus-positive samples; GII.4 was the most common genotype (71.4% of typed specimens). Rotavirus G3P[8] was the most prevalent rotavirus genotype (44.0% of typed specimens) and G2P[4] was second most prevalent (16.0% of typed specimens). This community is likely part of a trend toward norovirus predominance over rotavirus in children after widespread vaccination against rotavirus.

Probiotics in the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhoea. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial using two different probiotic preparations in Bolivian children.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that probiotics reduce rotavirus diarrhoea duration. Although there are several probiotic strains potentially useful, daily practice is often limited by the type and number of products locally available. In general, information about combined products is scarce. In this study we compare the effect of two probiotic products in the treatment of diarrhoea in children less than 2 years of age. METHODS: A Randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial in children hospitalized for acute rotavirus diarrhoea, in the Paediatric Centre Albina Patino, Cochabamba, Bolivia.Participants were children aged 1 - 23 months, who were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: Oral rehydration therapy plus placebo; Oral rehydration solution plus Saccharomyces boulardii; or Oral rehydration solution plus a compound containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium longum and Saccharomyces boulardii. Sample size was 20 per group and the outcomes were duration of diarrhoea, of fever, of vomiting and of hospitalization. RESULTS: 64 cases finished the protocol. On admission, patients' characteristics were similar. Median duration of diarrhoea (p = 0.04) in children who received the single species product (58 hours) was shorter than in controls (84.5 hrs). Comparing children that received the single probiotic product and controls showed shorter duration of fever (18 vs 67 hrs) (p = 0.0042) and the mixed probiotic of vomiting (0 vs 42.5 hrs) (p = 0.041). There was no effect on duration of hospitalization (p = 0.31). When experimental groups were merged, statistical significance of changes increased (total duration of diarrhoea, fever and vomiting P = 0.025, P = 0.025 and P = 0.014, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both products decreased the duration of diarrhoea compared to oral rehydration solution alone. This decrease was significant only for the single species product which also decreased the duration of fever. With the multiple species product there was no vomiting subsequent to the initiation of treatment. The quantity of probiotic bacteria needed for optimum treatment of gastroenteritis remains to be determined, particularly when multiple species are included in the product.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT00981877Link: https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/action/SelectProtocol/sid/S0002653/selectaction/View/ts/2/uid/U0000N04 TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trials NCT ID: NCT00981877.

Desnutrición grave en un hospital pediátrico / Severe malnutrition in a pediatrics hospital

La desnutrición crónica es el tipo de desnutrición mas frecuente en América Latina. Observaciones clínicas no spermiten suponer que la desnutrición edematosa aun constituye un factor preponderante en la mortalidad infantil hospitalaria. El objetivo es medir la prevalencia y características de los niños internados por desnutrición severa en el Hospital Albina R de Patiño de la ciudad de Cochabamba en los años 2000 y 2001.