T-Cell Immune Responses in Newborns and Long-Term Sequelae in Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection (CYTRIC Study).

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the role of T-lymphocyte immune responses in newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (cCMV) and their potential association with the development of long-term sequelae. STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter, prospective study from 2017 to 2022 was conducted across 8 hospitals in Spain. Blood samples were collected within the first month of life from neonates diagnosed with cCMV. Intracellular cytokine staining was employed to evaluate the presence of CMV-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-producing CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes (CMV-IFN-γ-CD8+/CD4+) using flow cytometry. The development of sequelae, including hearing loss and neurologic impairment, was assessed during follow-up. RESULTS: In total, 64 newborns were included; 42 infants (65.6%) had symptomatic cCMV. The median age at the last follow-up visit was 25.3 months (IQR 20.1-34.4). Eighteen infants had long-term sequelae (28.1%), predominantly hearing loss (20.3%) and neurologic disorders (15.6%). No relationship was observed between total count or percentage of CMV-specific IFN-γ-CD8+ or CD4+ lymphocytes and long-term sequelae. Multivariable analysis demonstrated an association between lower total lymphocyte count and long-term sequelae (aOR 0.549, 95% CI: 0.323-0.833), which requires further study. CONCLUSIONS: CMV-specific IFN-γ-CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte responses in neonates with cCMV were not predictive of long-term sequelae.

Histiocitosis de células de Langerhans presentada como adenitis aislada en un lactante: Caso clínico / Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as isolated adenitis in an infant: Case report

La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una enfermedad infrecuente en el lactante y su presentación como una adenitis cervical aislada sin otra sintomatología es excepcional en estos pacientes. Se describe el caso de una lactante de 3 meses de edad que presentaba una tumoración cervical en el ángulo mandibular derecho, con mala respuesta al tratamiento antibiótico. Se realizó una punción-aspiración con aguja fina, que confirmó el diagnóstico de histiocitosis de células de Langerhans. El estudio de extensión no mostró afectación sistémica. Debe considerarse la histiocitosis de células de Langerhans en el diagnóstico diferencial de una masa cervical subaguda de evolución tórpida en los lactantes de corta edad y se debe plantear la realización de una punción-aspiración con aguja fina de manera precoz para establecer el diagnóstico.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis in infants is a rare condition, and presentation as an isolated cervical adenitis is exceptional at this age. We describe the case of a 3-month-old female infant presenting with a neck mass in the right mandibular angle with poor response to antibiotic treatment. Fine needle aspiration was performed and confirmed the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis with complementary tests showing no features of systemic involvement. Langerhans cell histiocytosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of subacute neck masses with poor outcome in infants and physicians should consider performing a fine needle aspiration to establish the diagnosis.

[Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting as isolated adenitis in an infant: case report]. / Histiocitosis de células de Langerhans presentada como adenitis aislada en un lactante: caso clínico.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis in infants is a rare condition, and presentation as an isolated cervical adenitis is exceptional at this age. We describe the case of a 3-month-old female infant presenting with a neck mass in the right mandibular angle with poor response to antibiotic treatment. Fine needle aspiration was performed and confirmed the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis with complementary tests showing no features of systemic involvement. Langerhans cell histiocytosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of subacute neck masses with poor outcome in infants and physicians should consider performing a fine needle aspiration to establish the diagnosis.

La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una enfermedad infrecuente en el lactante y su presentación como una adenitis cervical aislada sin otra sintomatología es excepcional en estos pacientes. Se describe el caso de una lactante de 3 meses de edad que presentaba una tumoración cervical en el ángulo mandibular derecho, con mala respuesta al tratamiento antibiótico. Se realizó una punción-aspiración con aguja fina, que confirmó el diagnóstico de histiocitosis de células de Langerhans. El estudio de extensión no mostró afectación sistémica. Debe considerarse la histiocitosis de células de Langerhans en el diagnóstico diferencial de una masa cervical subaguda de evolución tórpida en los lactantes de corta edad y se debe plantear la realización de una punción-aspiración con aguja fina de manera precoz para establecer el diagnóstico.

Risk of coronary artery involvement in Kawasaki disease.

INTRODUCTION: Kawasaki disease refers to systemic vasculitis with risk of coronary artery disease. Our objective is to identify risk factors associated with coronary artery disease in patients with complete and incomplete Kawasaki disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective study conducted in patients diagnosed with Kawasaki disease in a tertiary-care hospital between 2008 and 2014. The American Heart Association diagnostic criteria were used to define complete and incomplete Kawasaki disease. RESULTS: Thirty-one children were diagnosed with Kawasaki disease; 24 met the criteria for the complete form, and 7, for the incomplete form of this condition. Five had coronary artery disease. One of them had incomplete Kawasaki disease (1/7= 14.3%), and the remaining four had the complete form (4/24= 16.7%). No significant differences were found between both groups (p= 1.0). Patients with coronary artery involvement had a higher C-reactive protein level (median: 16.2 mg/dL versus 8.4 mg/dL, p= 0.047) and lower albuminemia (median: 3.2 mg/dL versus 3.99 mg/dL, p= 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of coronary artery involvement in incomplete Kawasaki disease is similar to that in complete Kawasaki disease; therefore, in patients with the incomplete form, immunoglobulin therapy should not be delayed. In our population, C-reactive protein and albumin levels were related to a higher risk of coronary artery involvement.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad de Kawasaki es una vasculitis sistémica con riesgo de afectación coronaria. Nuestro objetivo es identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la afectación coronaria en pacientes con enfermedad de Kawasaki completa e incompleta. MATERIAL AND MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los pacientes diagnosticados con enfermedad de Kawasaki en un hospital terciario entre 2008 y 2014. Se utilizaron los criterios diagnósticos de la Asociación Americana de Cardiología para definir la enfermedad de Kawasaki en su forma completa e incompleta. RESULTADOS: Treinta y un niños fueron diagnosticados con enfermedad de Kawasaki; 24 cumplían criterios para la forma completa y 7, para la incompleta. Cinco presentaron afectación coronaria. Uno de ellos presentaba enfermedad de Kawasaki incompleta (1/7= 14,3%), y los 4 restantes, enfermedad de Kawasaki completa (4/24= 16,7%). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el riesgo de afectación coronaria entre ambos grupos (p= 1,0). Los pacientes con afectación coronaria tenían una proteína C reactiva mayor (mediana: 16,2 mg/dl vs. 8,4 mg/dl; p= 0,047) y una menor albuminemia (mediana: 3,2 mg/dl vs. 3,99 mg/dl; p= 0,002). CONCLUSIONES: El riesgo de afectación coronaria de la enfermedad de Kawasaki incompleta es similar al de la enfermedad de Kawasaki complet por lo que, en pacientes con la forma incompleta de la enfermedad, no se debería demorar el tratamiento con inmunoglobulina. En nuestra población, los valores de proteína C reactiva y de albúmina se relacionan con un mayor riesgo de afectación coronaria.

Riesgo de afectación coronaria en la enfermedad de Kawasaki / Risk of coronary artery involvement in Kawasaki disease

Introducción: La enfermedad de Kawasaki es una vasculitis sistémica con riesgo de afectación coronaria. Nuestro objetivo es identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la afectación coronaria en pacientes con enfermedad de Kawasaki completa e incompleta. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los pacientes diagnosticados con enfermedad de Kawasaki en un hospital terciario entre 2008 y 2014. Se utilizaron los criterios diagnósticos de la Asociación Americana de Cardiología para definir la enfermedad de Kawasaki en su forma completa e incompleta. Resultados: Treinta y un niños fueron diagnosticados con enfermedad de Kawasaki; 24 cumplían criterios para la forma completa y 7, para la incompleta. Cinco presentaron afectación coronaria. Uno de ellos presentaba enfermedad de Kawasaki incompleta (1/7= 14,3%), y los 4 restantes, enfermedad de Kawasaki completa (4/24= 16,7%). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el riesgo de afectación coronaria entre ambos grupos (p= 1,0). Los pacientes con afectación coronaria tenían una proteína C reactiva mayor (mediana: 16,2 mg/dl vs. 8,4 mg/dl; p= 0,047) y una menor albuminemia (mediana: 3,2 mg/dl vs. 3,99 mg/dl; p= 0,002). Conclusiones: El riesgo de afectación coronaria de la enfermedad de Kawasaki incompleta es similar al de la enfermedad de Kawasaki completa, por lo que, en pacientes con la forma incompleta de la enfermedad, no se debería demorar el tratamiento con inmunoglobulina. En nuestra población, los valores de proteína C reactiva y de albúmina se relacionan con un mayor riesgo de afectación coronaria.

Introduction: Kawasaki disease refers to systemic vasculitis with risk of coronary artery disease. Our objective is to identify risk factors associated with coronary artery disease in patients with complete and incomplete Kawasaki disease. Material and methods: Descriptive, retrospective study conducted in patients diagnosed with Kawasaki disease in a tertiary-care hospital between 2008 and 2014. The American Heart Association diagnostic criteria were used to define complete and incomplete Kawasaki disease. Results: Thirty-one children were diagnosed with Kawasaki disease; 24 met the criteria for the complete form, and 7, for the incomplete form of this condition. Five had coronary artery disease. One of them had incomplete Kawasaki disease (1/7= 14.3%), and the remaining four had the complete form (4/24= 16.7%). No significant differences were found between both groups (p= 1.0). Patients with coronary artery involvement had a higher C-reactive protein level (median: 16.2 mg/dL versus 8.4 mg/dL, p= 0.047) and lower albuminemia (median: 3.2 mg/dL versus 3.99 mg/dL, p= 0.002). Conclusions: The risk of coronary artery involvement in incomplete Kawasaki disease is similar to that in complete Kawasaki disease; therefore, in patients with the incomplete form, immunoglobulin therapy should not be delayed. In our population, C-reactive protein and albumin levels were related to a higher risk of coronary artery involvement.