Income inequality, social cohesion, and crime against businesses: Evidence from a global sample of firms.

Rising inequality is one of the grand societal challenges of our time. Yet, its effects on firms - including multinational enterprises (MNEs) - and their operations have not been widely examined by IB scholars. In this study, we posit that income inequality within a country is positively associated with the incidence and severity of crime experienced by businesses. Further, we propose that this relationship will be negatively moderated by social cohesion (in the form of greater societal trust and lower ethno-linguistic fractionalization) in these countries, such that social cohesion helps to offset the negative impacts of inequality on crime against businesses. We test these hypotheses using a comprehensive data set of 114,000 firms from 122 countries and find consistent support for our theses. Our findings, which are robust to different alternative variables, model specifications, instrumentation, and estimation techniques, unpack the intricate ways through which inequality affects businesses worldwide and the associated challenges to MNEs. They also offer important managerial and policy insights regarding the consequences of inequality and potential mitigation mechanisms. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1057/s41267-022-00535-5.

L'inégalité croissante est l'un des grands défis sociétaux de notre époque. Pourtant, ses impacts sur les entreprises - y compris les entreprises multinationales - et leurs activités n'ont pas été largement examinés par les chercheurs en affaires internationales. Dans cette recherche, nous postulons que l'inégalité des revenus dans un pays est positivement associée à l'incidence et à la gravité de la criminalité subies par les entreprises. De plus, nous proposons que cette relation soit négativement modérée par la cohésion sociale dans ces pays (sous la forme d'une plus grande confiance sociétale et d'une plus faible fragmentation ethnolinguistique), dans la mesure où la cohésion sociale aide à compenser les impacts négatifs de l'inégalité sur la criminalité contre les entreprises. Nous testons ces hypothèses sur un ensemble complet de données de 114000 entreprises issues de 122 pays et trouvons des appuis cohérents à nos thèses. Nos résultats, robustes aux différentes variables alternatives, spécifications du modèle, techniques d'estimation et à l'instrumentation, dévoilent les manières complexes par lesquelles l'inégalité influe sur les entreprises dans le monde entier ainsi que sur les défis associés aux entreprises multinationales. Ils apportent également d'importants renseignements managérial et politique liés aux conséquences de l'inégalité et aux mécanismes d'atténuation potentiels.

El aumento de la desigualdad es uno de los grandes desafíos sociales de nuestro tiempo. Con todo, sus efectos en las empresas, incluyendo las empresas multinacionales, y sus operaciones no han sido ampliamente examinado por académicos de Negocios Internacionales. En este estudio, planteamos que la desigualdad en un país está asociada positivamente con la incidencia y gravedad de la delincuencia que experimentan las empresas. Aún más, proponemos que esta relación será moderada negativamente por la cohesión social (en forma de mayor confianza social y menor fraccionamiento etnolingüístico) en estos países, para que la cohesión social ayuda a compensar los impactos negativos de la desigualdad en la delincuencia contra las empresas. Probamos estas hipótesis utilizando un exhaustivo conjunto de datos de 114.000 empresas de 122 países y encontramos un apoyo consistente a nuestras tesis. Nuestros hallazgos, que son robustos a diferentes variables alternativas, especificaciones del modelo, instrumentación y técnicas de estimación, desentrañan las maneras intrincadas en que la desigualdad afecta a las empresas de todo el mundo y los desafíos asociados a las empresas multinacionales. También ofrecen importantes perspectivas para la gerencia y política en relación con las consecuencias de la desigualdad y los posibles mecanismos de mitigación.

O aumento da desigualdade é um dos grandes desafios sociais do nosso tempo. No entanto, seus efeitos sobre empresas ­ incluindo empresas multinacionais (MNEs) ­ e suas operações não foram amplamente examinados por acadêmicos de IB. Neste estudo, postulamos que a desigualdade de renda dentro de um país é positivamente associada à incidência e gravidade de crimes vivenciados por empresas. Além disso, propomos que essa relação seja negativamente moderada pela coesão social (na forma de maior confiança social e menor fracionamento etnolinguístico) nesses países, de modo que a coesão social ajude a compensar os impactos negativos da desigualdade em crimes contra empresas. Testamos essas hipóteses usando um conjunto de dados abrangente de 114.000 empresas de 122 países e encontramos consistente suporte para nossas teses. Nossos achados, robustos a diferentes variáveis alternativas, especificações de modelo, instrumentação e técnicas de estimação, desvendam as formas intrincadas pelas quais a desigualdade afeta negócios em todo o mundo e os desafios associados a MNEs. Eles também oferecem importantes insights gerenciais e de políticas no que tange às consequências da desigualdade bem como potenciais mecanismos mitigantes.

Cockayne's syndrome: dental findings and management.

A case report is presented to familiarize the dental practitioners with Cockayne's Syndrome (CS), a rare autosomal recessive premature aging syndrome. Significant physical and dental findings contributed to a most challenging case for the dentist and anesthesiologist.

Comparison of dentofacial morphology in monozygotic twin pairs with their siblings using LISREL.

Lateral cephalometric radiographs from 33 families of monozygotic twins and their siblings were digitized. Seven dentofacial parameters were measured: 1 to SN, 1 to NA, 1 to NA(mm), 1 to 1, 1 to Mandibular Plane Angle, 1 to NB(mm) and 1 to APg(mm). Data from monozygotic twin pairs and siblings were analyzed using LISREL to determine variance components of heredity, common environment and random environment. Five of the parameters measured showed heredity as the primary factor of variance, while two, 1 to NB(mm) and 1 to APg(mm) showed a common environment as having the greatest effect.

Comparison of craniofacial morphology in monozygotic twins with their siblings.

Lateral cephalometric radiographs from 33 families of monozygotic twins and their siblings were digitized. Eight skeletal parameters were measured: FA to SN, SNA, SNB, ANB, angle of convexity, mandibular plane to SN angle, Y axis and pogonion to NB distance. Monozygotic twin pairs and their siblings showed a normal distribution pattern for all the skeletal parameters, except the pogonion to NB distance measurement. There was found to be a statistically significant correlation between age and facial angle and ANB. A familial aggregation effect was found for SNA, ANB and angle of convexity. Some genetic influence was found for FA, mandibular plane angle and Y axis, while the Pg to NB distance showed neither genetic influence, nor a familial aggregation.