[Estimation of the influence of the design of school backpacks to posture regulation in children with different posture conditions].

There was performed the study of the characteristics of the regulation of vertical posture in 42 children of 8-10 years old using school bags of different designs. According to medical examination 25 children have normal posture and 17 children had kyphotic one. The stability of the posture was estimated according to the average variance and the average velocity of the total center of gravity of the body, the area of the ellipse, and the quality of the equilibrium function with computer stabilography. Three models of school bags were used - with traditional, ergonomic and orthopedic back support. Vertical posture stability for children with impaired posture without school bag and when used with traditional and ergonomic back were significantly lower in comparison with children with normal posture. When the orthopedic back was used the stability impairment of the vertical posture in children with kyphotic posture was not observed. It is concluded that for the prevention of spinal deformity for students with kyphotic posture orthopedic school bags should be used.

[The specific features of present-day children's physical development in the estimation of the functional sizes of furniture for pupils].

The authors made mass anthropometric surveys in 923 first-to-fourth-form pupils and determined the values of 5 variables for height groups 2, 3, and 4, used to justify the functional sizes of furniture for pupils: the length of a shoulder slope above the seat, that of an elbow slope above the seat, that of a popliteal space slope above the floor, the distance from the chair hack to the popliteal space, and the highest pelvic width. Differences were found in the anthropometric values in the present-day junior pupils and the equals in age of the early 1970s. The present-day children are characterized by changes in body proportions (a decrease in height and an increase in the length of the shin and femur), which should be kept in mind on optimizing the working place of pupils. It is suggested that popliteal space length rather than the currently applied height should be used as a fitting ratio of anthropometric characteristics to the functional sizes of furniture for pupils.

[Hygienic requirements for the sizes of furniture for junior pupils].

The paper gives the results of anthropometric surveys in present-day junior pupils. It shows the distribution of junior pupils by the height groups and the ergonomic signs that determine the required functional sizes of furniture for pupils.

[Aeroionotherapy in prevention of acute respiratory diseases in children].

Our studies show pathogenetic validity of using biocontrolled aeroionotherapy in children often having acute respiratory infections. A course impact of negative aeroions corrected functional disorders in children, reduced frequency of acute respiratory infections, durations of the illness.

[Aromaphytotherapy in prevention of acute respiratory diseases in children].

The authors' studies show pathogenetic validity of using aromaphytotherapy in children predisposed to acute respiratory diseases. Courses of essential oils aromaphytotherapy produce a wide spectrum of physiological changes reducing frequency of the respiratory diseases, exacerbations of chronic ENT diseases in children.

[Increased radiosensitivity after irradiation of lymphocytes low adaptive doses]. / Fenomen povysheniia radiochuvstvutel'nosti posle oblucheniia limfotsitov v malykh adaptiruiushchikh dozakh.

The variability of blood lymphocyte reaction on the adaptive irradiation (0.05 Gy at first, then 1.0 Gy 5 h later) was investigated by micronuclei assay. Blood samples were obtained from 700 children. It was shown that in all groups studied there were children with enhanced radiosensitivity ("radiosensitivity syndrome"-RS) after exposure to adaptive low dose of radiation. The radiosensitivity syndrome occurred more often in groups of ill children; part of them was characterized by the enhanced blood content of immunoglobulin E, enhanced level of T helpers and T suppressors. A high spontaneous level of lymphocytes with micronucleus is a factor of radiosensitivity formation. The possible factors resulted in radiosensitivity syndrome are discussed.

[Diagnostic significance of measuring levels of large granule-containing lymphocytes as a screening test]. / Diagnosticheskaia znachimost' opredeleniia urovnia bol'shikh grunulosoderzhashchikh limfotsitov v kachestve skriningovogo testa.

The efficacy of measurements of large granule-containing lymphocytes (LGL) as a screening test for population screening has been certified. Liquidators of the Chernobyl accident aftermath in 1986 and 1987, residents of the Tomsk district exposed to radiation as a result of accident, and patients with general somatic and malignant diseases were examined. The LGL level was fit for dividing the examinees into healthy and ill, but not for selecting subjects at a high risk of cancer. The reaction of the natural killer system to endogenic and exogenic injury is similar.

[The cytological characteristics of the squamous epithelium of the cervix uteri in women living under the conditions of an elevated radiation background]. / Tsitologicheskie kharakteristiki ploskogo épiteliia sheiki matki u zhenshchin, prozhivaiushchikh v uslioviiakh povyshennogo radiatsionnogo fonda.

Cytomorphological signs of epithelial cells were analyzed in scraping off the cervix uteri of 607 women living in the zone of increased radiation background. The examined group consisted mainly of women aged 30 to 50. In 9.3% (57 cases) dysplastic changes in the squamous epithelium were revealed, among which slight dysplasia predominated -- basal-cell hyperactivity (40 cases). No cases of malignant transformation were detected. The authors noted some signs which commonly do not occur in the absence of an increased radiation background and may be conditionally regarded as a result of indirect effect of radiation on female cells.

[The role of diet in the prevention and treatment of precancerous conditions in the risk groups]. / Rol pitaniia v profilaktike i korrektsii predopukholevykh sostoianii v gruppakh riska.

The authors studied feasibility of using flavours, particularly, agent M-1 containing basic nutrients of antipromotor action in available form and fish oil containing fatty omega-3 acids as well as natural vitamin E for correction of homeostasis in patients with gastrointestinal precancer. 142 patients at risk to develop gastrointestinal cancer received diets for 6 months by 2-month cycles: M-1 daily in a dose 15-50 g, fish oil in a dose 10-30 ml. Control subjects did not receive the diets. 6 months after the treatment start the test subjects exhibited regression of the disease in 36.6% the cases versus 14.1% in the controls. It is concluded that the above dietetic scheme promotes correction of antioxidant insufficiency and stabilization of cellular membranes in patients with mucosal dysplasia.

[Hepatitis B virus and the development of human embryonal tumors]. / Virus gepatita B i vozniknovenie émbrional'nykh opukholei cheloveka.

Sera from children bearing embryonal tumors and from their parents were screened for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its DNA by means of serology and molecular hybridization, respectively. Sera from tumor-bearing children and their parents both contain HBV or its DNA at average 5 times more frequently than the healthy donors or patients with non-oncological diseases. It is suggested that the presence of HBV or its DNA is caused not solely by infection during cure but also by vertical transmission from parents. The presence of HBV or its DNA might be treated as a risk factor increasing the development of embryonal tumors.

[Congenital disorders of tyrosine metabolism and their correction in children with tumors]. / Vrozhdennye narusheniia obmena tirozina i ikh korrektsiia pri opukholiakh u detei.

The paper deals with the evaluation of quantitative indexes of urine excretion of tyrosine and its metabolites--highly carcinogenic p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid and homogentisic acid--in infants suffering various tumors and their parents. Also, the effect of ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg body weight daily) on tyrosine metabolism was studied. The sick children and their parents showed increased urine excretion of tyrosine and p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid matched by a decrease in that of homogentisic acid. The said changes suggest inhibition of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (CE 1.13.11.27). High doses of ascorbic acid were shown to arrest or significantly inhibit the excretion of carcinogenic metabolite of tyrosine in patients with hemoblastoses and nephroblastoma.

[Changes in the hemoglobin fractions of nephroblastoma patients]. / Izmeneniia gemoglobinovykh fraktsii u bol'nykh s nefroblastomoi.

Hemoglobin fractions were studied in 80 patients suffering from nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumor). 10 out of 80 children had an elevated fetal hemoglobin value, higher than 2.5%, but as there was no other evidence for a thalassemia, we could not refer these patients to delta beta-thalassemia heterozygotes. An electrophoretic study of hemolyzates showed that 4 children had a uniform "quickly-proceeding" anomalous hemoglobin fraction localized in front of HbA2 which decreased in time. In one case, this anomaly was discovered in propositus and also in his father and paternal grandmother. A child suffering from unilateral sporadic Wilms' tumor and his mother had a Negro type hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPHF). This complex of Wilms' tumor and HPHF is described for the first time. HPHF and nephroblastoma complex as a possible variant of intersticial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 11 is discussed. The diagnostic value of the study of hemoglobin fractions and the activity of enzymes (catalase, LDH-A), whose genes are localized on the short arm of chromosome 11, are also discussed. It would be useful for genetic counselling to select a group of children with high risk for nephroblastoma.

[Genetics of nephroblastoma. II. The incidence of developmental defects and dysplastic and asymmetrical traits in children with nephroblastoma]. / Genetika nefroblastomy. Soobshchenie II. Chastota porokov razvitiia, priznakov displastichnosti i asimmetrii u detei s nefroblastomoi.

The frequency of developmental defects and displasticity characters in children with nephroblastoma was determined in two groups--with early, up to 2 years manifestation of the tumor (ENB), in 40 patients, and with advanced nephroblastoma (ANB), in 59 patients (manifestation of the disease after 2 years). The data were correlated with control groups adequate for age (130 children). The frequency of serious developmental defects was higher in ANB group (20%) than in ENB group (7%). Over a half of developmental defects were hemihypertrophy and doubling of organs. One case of a child with the combination of nephroblastoma and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome was defined. In ANB group an increased frequency of asymmetry in the conjugate organs (foot, hand, middle finger, ears) was found. Its direction is correlated with tumor localization (tumor site). In ENB group no analogous effect was shown. The data obtained present phenotype characteristics of groups with early and late manifestation of the disease which are probably different in their genesis and thus, their identification is necessary for the adequate medicogenetic consultation (examination).