Effects of ergo-nutritional strategies on recovery in combat sports disciplines / Efectos de las estrategias ergo-nutricionales sobre la recuperación en las disciplinas de deportes de combate

In order to improve the recovery process in combat sports disciplines, ergo-nutritional strategies could be an effective option in training and competition. Some of these ergo-nutritional aids could improve performance but literature references are scarce, with controversial results regarding actual recovery effects. This systematic review aimed to examine which ergo-nutritional methods are most effective for assisting in the recovery process in combat sports, and to determine the appropriate training stimuli. This systematic review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) guidelines. A computerized search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Collaboration Database, Evidence Database, Evidence Based Medicine Search review, National Guidelines, EM-BASE, Scopus and Google Scholar system (from 1995 to April 30, 2021). The PICOS model was used to define inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of 123 studies initially found, 18 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Data from 367 athletes from different disciplines were examined. The evidence was grouped in 4 areas: oxidative stress, muscle and energy recovery, muscle repair, and metabolic acidosis. Evidence showed that vitamins, minerals, and some natural ergo-nutritional products are effective as antioxidants. Carbohydrates and protein determine the recovery effect. Sodium bicarbonate has a role as primary acidosis metabolic delayer. Accordingly, ergo-nutritional aids can help in the recovery process. Considering the effects outlined in the literature, more studies are needed to provide firm evidence (AU)

Para mejorar el proceso de recuperación en las disciplinas deportivas de combate, las estrategias ergo-nutricionales son una opción eficaz en el entrenamiento y la competición. Algunas de estas alternativas mejoran el rendimiento, pero actualmente existe una escasa bibliografía con resultados controvertidos relacionados con el efecto de recuperación. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo determinar qué estrategias ergo-nutricionales son más efectivas en los procesos de recuperación. Se llevó a cabo siguiendo las pautas Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA). Se realizó una búsqueda computarizada en PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Collaboration Database, Evidence Database, Evidence Based Medicine Search review, National Guidelines, EM-BASE, Scopus y el sistema Google Scholar (desde 1995 hasta el 30 de abril de 2021). Se utilizó el modelo PICOS para definir los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. De los 123 estudios encontrados inicialmente, 18 cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad y fueron incluidos. Se examinaron datos de 367 atletas de diferentes disciplinas. La evidencia se agrupó en 4 áreas: estrés oxidativo, recuperación muscular y energética, reparación muscular y acidosis metabólica. La evidencia mostró que las vitaminas, los minerales y algunos productos ergo-nutricionales naturales son eficaces como antioxidantes, los hidratos de carbono y las proteínas determinan su efecto recuperador y el bicarbonato de sodio es el principal retardador metabólico de la acidosis. Se destaca la importancia de aceptar un plan ergo-nutricional para mejorar el proceso de recuperación. A pesar de ello, y teniendo en cuenta los efectos descritos en la literatura, se necesitan más estudios para reforzar la evidencia actual (AU)

Graphene oxide electrodeposited electrode enhances start-up and selective enrichment of exoelectrogens in bioelectrochemical systems.

This study seeks to assess the impact that the anodic electrodeposition of graphene oxide (GO) has on the start-up process and on the development of microbial communities on the anode of BESs. The GO electrodeposited electrodes were characterised in abiotic conditions to verify the extent of the modification and were then transferred to a bioelectrochemical reactor. Results showed that the modified electrode allowed for a reduced start-up time compared to the control electrode. After three months, high throughput sequencing was performed, revealing that electrochemically reduced graphene oxide acts as a selective agent toward exoelectrogenic bacteria as Geobacter. Overall, this study shows that GO modified electrodes enhance biofilm build up in BES.

Nitrogen recovery from pig slurry in a two-chambered bioelectrochemical system.

Abiotic batch experiments showed that ammonia migration from anode to cathode was favored by an increase in voltage, from 39.9% to 44.6%, using synthetic media. A slight increase in ammonia migration was observed when using pig slurry, reaching a maximum of 49.9%. In a continuously MFC fed with pig slurry with a stripping/absorption unit coupled to the cathode chamber, the highest nitrogen flux (7.2 g N d(-1) m(-2)) was achieved using buffer as catholyte. Nitrogen flux increased to 10.3 g N d(-1) m(-2) when shifting to MEC mode. A clear improvement in nitrogen flux (25.5 g N d(-1) m(-2)) was observed when using NaCl as catholyte. Besides, ammonia stripping was favored, reaching a nitrogen recovery of 94.3% in the absorption column, due to the high pH reached in the cathode. The microbial community analysis revealed an enrichment of certain taxonomic Eubacterial and Archaeal groups when the system shifted from MFC to MEC mode.

Design and field-scale implementation of an "on site" bioremediation treatment in PAH-polluted soil.

An "on site" bioremediation program was designed and implemented in soil polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially naphthalene. We began by characterizing the soil's physical and chemical properties. A microbiological screening corroborated the presence of microorganisms capable of metabolizing PAHs. We then analyzed the viability of bioremediation by developing laboratory microcosms and pilot scale studies, to optimize the costs and time associated with remediation. The treatment assays were based on different types of biostimulants, such as a slow or fast-release fertilizer, combined with commercial surfactants. Once the feasibility of the biostimulation was confirmed, a real-scale bioremediation program was undertaken in 900 m(3) of contaminated soil. The three-step design reduced PAH contamination by 94.4% at the end of treatment (161 days). The decrease in pollutants was concomitant with the selection of autochthonous bacteria capable of degrading PAHs, with Bacillus and Pseudomonas the most abundant genera.

Oxalate degradation in a bioelectrochemical system: reactor performance and microbial community characterization.

The aim of this work was to investigate the feasibility of using oxalate at the anode in a continuous reactor. Complete oxalate removal was observed, albeit at a maximum coulombic efficiency of 33.9±0.4%. At the cathode side, there was an increase in pH from 8 to 11 showing production of caustic. Analysis of the microbial community demonstrated a clear shift during reactor start-up, resulting in enrichment of microorganisms belonging to Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Mollicutes, and ß and γ-Proteobacteria. Methane was produced throughout the experiment; Archaea belonging to the Methanosarcinacea, Methanomicrobiaceae and Methanosaetaceae were identified as key representatives.