RESUMO
Patient turnaround times in emergency departments (EDs) are receiving increasing attention by patients, medical staff, hospital administrators, payers, and regulatory agencies. A retrospective study of ED turnaround times by hospitals identified by Modern Healthcare as being in the top 100 hospitals in the United States was undertaken. Five different categories of hospitals were studied. The shortest turnaround times occurred in rural hospitals with less than 250 beds and the longest times were in major academic centers with more than 400 beds.
Assuntos
Agendamento de Consultas , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Tempo e Movimento , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Número de Leitos em Hospital/estatística & dados numéricos , Hospitais Rurais/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estados Unidos , Listas de EsperaRESUMO
The gp130 cytokines leukemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6 are neuroactive cytokines associated with peripheral nerve injury. Here we show that exogenous administration of these factors selectively regulates neuropeptide phenotype in intact sensory neurons in a manner consistent with their role as injury-induced factors. Intraneural injection of leukemia inhibitory factor into the intact sciatic nerve of adult rats induces a significant increase in the percentage of neuronal profiles immunoreactive for galanin in the L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia without altering the percentage profiles immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or neuropeptide Y. Galanin-immunoreactivity was predominantly confined to those neurons which retrogradely transported and accumulated leukemia inhibitory factor. The up-regulation of galanin-immunoreactivity observed in L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia following unilateral axotomy of the sciatic nerve was significantly reduced following continuous treatment for two weeks with a monoclonal antibody against the gp130 receptor motif. Intraneural injection of interleukin-6 into the intact sciatic nerve also significantly increased the percentage of neuronal profiles which displayed galanin-immunoreactivity but not vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or neuropeptide Y-immunoreactivity. Our results indicate that cytokines which interact with the gp130 receptor at the site of peripheral nerve injury contribute to the cell body response to axotomy. Changes in the levels of such cytokines however are insufficient to account for the complete repertoire of neuropeptide phenotypic changes associated with peripheral nerve injury.
Assuntos
Citocinas/farmacologia , Inibidores do Crescimento/farmacologia , Interleucina-6/farmacologia , Linfocinas/farmacologia , Moléculas de Adesão de Célula Nervosa/metabolismo , Neurônios Aferentes/metabolismo , Neuropeptídeos/biossíntese , Nervo Isquiático/fisiologia , Animais , Axotomia , Contactinas , Citocinas/administração & dosagem , Técnica Direta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Galanina/biossíntese , Gânglios Espinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Gânglios Espinais/metabolismo , Inibidores do Crescimento/administração & dosagem , Imuno-Histoquímica , Interleucina-6/administração & dosagem , Fator Inibidor de Leucemia , Linfocinas/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Neurônios Aferentes/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios Aferentes/fisiologia , Neuropeptídeo Y/biossíntese , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The influence of pyridazinone herbicides on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus was studied in liquid media. Mycelia production was not affected by 20, 40, or 60 micrograms of herbicide per ml; however, aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus was higher in media with herbicide, whereas A. flavus produced lower aflatoxin levels.
