RESUMO
O paciente crítico encontra-se intubado ou traqueostomizado por necessitar, na maioria dos casos, de ventilação mecânica invasiva. As cânulas utilizadas possuem o cuff, que pode atuar como um reservatório de secreções da orofaringe, predispondo à pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. Estudos têm demonstrado que a aspiração das secreções subglóticas por lúmen dorsal de sucção acima do cuff do tubo orotraqueal retarda e reduz a incidência de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. O objetivo desta revisão foi verificar, na literatura, a importância da utilização da aspiração com dispositivo supra-cuff em pacientes críticos submetidos à intubação orotraqueal ou traqueostomia na prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. Para tanto, foi realizada revisão bibliográfica entre os anos de 1986 a 2011, por meio de portais de bases de dados nacionais e internacionais. Verificou-se que a aspiração das secreções subglóticas apresenta poucos resultados em relação à diminuição dos dias de ventilação mecânica e de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva, além de não ser efetiva na diminuição da mortalidade, porém, mostra-se eficaz na redução da incidência da pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica de início precoce e na redução de seus custos hospitalares. A forma de aspiração das secreções subglóticas contínua mostra-se mais eficiente na remoção de secreções; contudo, a forma intermitente parece ser a menos lesiva. Conclui-se que as cânulas com dispositivo de aspiração supra-cuff permitem a aspiração das secreções subglóticas, proporcionando benefícios aos pacientes críticos, uma vez que reduzem-se a incidência de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica e, consequentemente, os custos hospitalares, além de não haver relação com efeitos adversos em larga escala.
Critically ill patients are intubated or tracheostomized because, in most cases, these individuals require invasive mechanical ventilation. The cannulae that are used include the cuff, which can act as a reservoir for oropharyngeal secretions, predisposing to ventilator-associated pneumonia. Studies have revealed that the suction of subglottic secretions through the dorsal suction lumen above the endotracheal tube cuff delays the onset and reduces the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The aim of this review is to assess published studies regarding the significance of using suction with a supra-cuff device for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients treated with orotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. Therefore, by searching national and international databases, a literature review was undertaken of studies published between the years 1986 and 2011. Few results were found relating the suction of subglottic secretions to decreased duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the intensive care unit. The suction of subglottic secretions is ineffective in decreasing mortality but is effective in reducing the incidence of early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia and hospital costs. Techniques involving continuous suction of subglottic secretions may be particularly efficient in removing secretions; however, intermittent suction appears to be the least harmful method. In conclusion, cannulae with a supra-cuff suction device enable the aspiration of subglottic secretions, providing benefits to critically ill patients by reducing the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and, consequently, hospital costs - with no large-scale adverse effects.
RESUMO
Critically ill patients are intubated or tracheostomized because, in most cases, these individuals require invasive mechanical ventilation. The cannulae that are used include the cuff, which can act as a reservoir for oropharyngeal secretions, predisposing to ventilator-associated pneumonia. Studies have revealed that the suction of subglottic secretions through the dorsal suction lumen above the endotracheal tube cuff delays the onset and reduces the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The aim of this review is to assess published studies regarding the significance of using suction with a supra-cuff device for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients treated with orotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. Therefore, by searching national and international databases, a literature review was undertaken of studies published between the years 1986 and 2011. Few results were found relating the suction of subglottic secretions to decreased duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the intensive care unit. The suction of subglottic secretions is ineffective in decreasing mortality but is effective in reducing the incidence of early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia and hospital costs. Techniques involving continuous suction of subglottic secretions may be particularly efficient in removing secretions; however, intermittent suction appears to be the least harmful method. In conclusion, cannulae with a supra-cuff suction device enable the aspiration of subglottic secretions, providing benefits to critically ill patients by reducing the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and, consequently, hospital costs - with no large-scale adverse effects.