Pharmacotherapy for hyperuricaemia in hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: This is the second update of this systematic review. High blood pressure represents a major public health problem. Worldwide, approximately one-fourth of the adult population has hypertension. Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest a link between hyperuricaemia and hypertension. Hyperuricaemia affects 25% to 40% of those with untreated hypertension; a much lower prevalence has been reported in those with normotension or in the general population. However, whether lowering serum uric acid (UA) might lower blood pressure (BP), is an unanswered question. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether UA-lowering agents reduce BP in people with primary hypertension or prehypertension, compared with placebo. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane Hypertension Information Specialist searched the following databases for randomised controlled trials up to May 2020: the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register, CENTRAL 2018, Issue 12, MEDLINE (from 1946), Embase (from 1974), the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We also searched LILACS (1982 to May 2020), and contacted authors of relevant papers regarding further published and unpublished work. The searches had no language or date restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: To be included in this updated review, the studies had to meet the following criteria: 1) randomised or quasi-randomised, with a group assigned to receive a UA-lowering agent and another group assigned to receive placebo; 2) double-blind, single-blind, or open-label; 3) parallel or cross-over trial design; 4) cross-over trials had to have a washout period of at least two weeks; 5) minimum treatment duration of four weeks; 6) participants had to have a diagnosis of essential hypertension or prehypertension plus hyperuricaemia (serum UA greater than 6 mg/dL in women, 7 mg/dL in men, and 5.5 mg/dL in children or adolescents); 7) outcome measures included change in 24-hour ambulatory systolic or diastolic BP, or both; or clinic-measured systolic or diastolic BP, or both. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The two review authors independently collected the data using a data extraction form, and resolved any disagreements via discussion. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: In this review update, we screened 722 records, selected 26 full-text reports for evaluation. We identified no ongoing studies and did not add any new studies. We included three randomised controlled trials (RCTs), enrolling 211 people with hypertension or prehypertension, plus hyperuricaemia. Low-certainty evidence from three RCTs found inconclusive results between those who received UA-lowering drugs and placebo, in 24-hour ambulatory systolic (MD -6.2 mmHg, 95% CI -12.8 to 0.5) or diastolic BP (-3.9 mmHg, 95% CI -9.2 to 1.4). Low-certainty evidence from two RCTs found that UA-lowering drugs reduced clinic-measured systolic BP (-8.43 mmHg, 95% CI -15.24 to -1.62) but results for clinic-measured diastolic BP were inconclusive (-6.45 mmHg, 95% CI -13.60 to 0.70). High-certainty evidence from three RCTs found that serum UA levels were reduced by 3.1 mg/dL (95% CI 2.4 to 3.8) in the participants that received UA-lowering drugs. Low-certainty evidence from three RCTs found inconclusive results regarding the occurrence of adverse events between those who received UA-lowering drugs and placebo (RR 1.86, 95% CI 0.43 to 8.10). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In this updated Cochrane Review, the current RCT data are insufficient to know whether UA-lowering therapy lowers BP. More studies are needed.

Pharmacotherapy for hyperuricemia in hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: High blood pressure represents a major public health problem. Worldwide, approximately one-fourth of the adult population has hypertension. Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest a link between hyperuricemia and hypertension. Hyperuricemia affects 25% to 40 % of individuals with untreated hypertension; a much lower prevalence has been reported in normotensives or in the general population. However, whether lowering serum uric acid (UA) might lower blood pressure (BP) is an unanswered question. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether UA-lowering agents reduce BP in patients with primary hypertension or prehypertension compared with placebo. SEARCH METHODS: The Cochrane Hypertension Information Specialist searched the following databases for randomized controlled trials up to February 2016: the Cochrane Hypertension Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2016, Issue 2), MEDLINE (from 1946), Embase (from 1974), the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We also searched LILACS up to March 2016 and contacted authors of relevant papers regarding further published and unpublished work. SELECTION CRITERIA: To be included in this review, the studies had to meet the following criteria: 1) randomized or quasi-randomized, with a group assigned to receive a UA-lowering agent and another group assigned to receive placebo; 2) double-blind, single-blind or open-label; 3) parallel or cross-over trial; 4) cross-over trials had to have a washout period of at least two weeks; 5) minimum treatment duration of four weeks; 6) participants had to have a diagnosis of essential hypertension or prehypertension, and hyperuricemia (serum UA greater than 6 mg/dL in women, 7 mg/dL in men and 5.5 mg/dL in children/adolescents); 7) outcome measures assessed included change in clinic systolic, diastolic or 24-hour ambulatory BP. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The two review authors independently collected the data using a data extraction form, and resolved any disagreements via discussion. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration' Risk of bias' tool. MAIN RESULTS: In this review update, we examined the abstracts of 349 identified papers and selected 21 for evaluation. We also identified three ongoing studies, the results of which are not yet available. Three other randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (two new), enrolling individuals with hypertension or prehypertension, and hyperuricemia, met the inclusion criteria for the review and were included in the meta-analysis. Low quality of evidence from three RCTs indicate no reduction in systolic (MD -6.2 mmHg, 95% CI -12.8 to 0.5) or diastolic (-3.9 mmHg, 95% CI -9.2 to 1.4) 24-hour ambulatory BP with UA-lowering drugs compared with placebo. Low quality of evidence from two RCTs reveal a reduction of systolic clinic BP (-8.43 mmHg, 95% CI -15.24 to -1.62) but not diastolic clinic BP (-6.45 mmHg, 95% CI -13.60 to 0.70). High quality of evidence from three RCTs indicates that serum UA levels were reduced by 3.1 mg/dL (95% CI 2.4 to 3.8) in the participants that received UA-lowering drugs. Very low quality of evidence from three RCTs suggests that withdrawals due to adverse effects were not increased with UA-lowering therapy (RR 1.86, 95% CI 0.43 to 8.10). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In this updated systematic review, the RCT data available at present are insufficient to know whether UA-lowering therapy also lowers BP. More studies are needed.

Avaliação da função renal

Este material compõe o Curso de Especialização em Nefrologia Multidisciplinar (Módulo 5, Unidade 1), produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA. Trata-se de um recurso educacional interativo que apresenta o processo de avaliação da função renal, podendo assim identificar o doente através de estimativas da filtração glomerular.

Rastreamento populacional da doença renal crônica

Este material compõe o Curso de Especialização em Nefrologia Multidisciplinar (Módulo 5, Unidade 1), produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA. Trata-se de um recurso educacional interativo que apresenta a importância do rastreamento populacional da Doença Renal Crônica.

Estratégias de prevenção da doença renal crônica

Texto que compõe a unidade 1 do módulo 5, "Prevenção às doenças renais", do Curso de Especialização em Nefrologia Multidisciplinar, produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA. Aborda as principais estratégias para prevenção da Doença Renal Crônica, bem como os métodos de estimativa da filtração glomerular, o rastreio populacional da doença e a realização de campanhas para divulgação da DRC

Pharmacotherapy for hyperuricemia in hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND: High blood pressure represents a major public health problem. Worldwide, approximately one fourth of the adult population has hypertension. Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest a linkage between hyperuricemia and hypertension. Hyperuricemia affects 25-40 % of patients with untreated hypertension. A much lower prevalence has been reported in normotensives or in the general population. However, whether lowering serum uric acid (SUA) might lower blood pressure (BP) is an unanswered question. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether uric acid lowering agents reduce BP in patients with primary hypertension. SEARCH METHODS: Electronic searches of the following sources were performed without language restriction: Cochrane Hypertension Group Specialised Register (1946 to May 2012), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, 2012 Issue 4), MEDLINE (1946 to May 2012), EMBASE (1974 to May 2012), LILACS (1982 to July 2012), Scirus and ClinicalTrials.gov. Authors of relevant papers were also contacted regarding further published and unpublished work. SELECTION CRITERIA: To be included in this review, the studies had to meet the following criteria: 1) Randomised or quasi-randomised with a group assigned to receive a uric acid lowering agent and another group assigned to receive placebo; 2) Double-blind, single-blind or open label; 3) Parallel or crossover trial; 4) For crossover trial, a washout period of at least two weeks; 5) Minimum treatment duration of four weeks; 6) Participants with diagnosis of essential hypertension and hyperuricemia, serum uric acid greater than 6 in women, 7 in men and 5.5 in children/adolescents; 7) Outcome measures includes change in casual or ambulatory, systolic or diastolic blood pressure. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two independent reviewers collected the data using a data extraction form. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Risk of bias was accessed by the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool. MAIN RESULTS: Three hundred and thirty-six abstracts were examined. One study (enrolling hypertensive and hyperuricemic patients) met the inclusion criteria for the review and was independently rated by both authors. No other studies were identified by the supplementary searches. The study identified as eligible for this review was a randomised controlled trial conducted in the USA (FEIG 2008 ) . This well designed double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial randomised 30 adolescents (11-17 years), newly diagnosed stage 1 primary hypertension and with SUA ≥ 6mg/dl, to receive allopurinol 200 mg twice daily for 4 weeks, and placebo for 4 weeks, with a 2 week washout period between treatments. Casual BP during the allopurinol phase decreased - 6.9 mmHg (95 % CI, - 4.5 to - 9.3), systolic, and - 5.1 mmHg (95 % CI, - 2.5 to - 7.8), diastolic, versus during the placebo phase, - 2.0 mmHg (95 % CI, 0.3 to - 4.3) systolic and - 2.4 mmHg (95 % CI, 0.2 to - 4.1) diastolic. For the secondary outcome (change in 24 ambulatory BP), change in systolic BP with allopurinol was - 6.3 mmHg (95 % CI, - 3.8 to - 8.9), systolic, and - 4.6 mmHg (95% CI, - 2.4 to - 6.8), diastolic, and with placebo, 0.8 mmHg (95 % CI, 3.4 to - 2.9) systolic and - 0.3 mmHg (95 % CI, 2.3 to - 2.1) diastolic. P-value results ranged from 0.004 to 0.05. No participant dropout occurred and no adverse effects were seen in patients treated with allopurinol. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Meta-analysis was not possible in this systematic review. In the one study that matched the inclusion criteria allopurinol decreased "in office" and ambulatory systolic and diastolic BP. Because there was only one included RCT, the number of patients providing data on pharmacotherapy for hyperuricemia in hypertension is small and restricted to adolescents with recently diagnosed mild essential hypertension. Hence, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of allopurinol or other hypouricemic drugs as an initial or adjuvant treatment of hypertension and more RCTs are needed.

Contribuição da enfermagem na educação em saúde de pacientes hipertensos com enfoque na prevenção da insuficiência renal crônica / Contribution of nursing in health education of hypertensive patients with focus on prevention of chronic renal failure

O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar as atividades pertinentes ao enfermeiro na prevenção da lesão renal nos hipertensos e os conhecimentos necessários ao profissional quanto à epidemiologia da lesão renal causada pela hipertensão arterial (HA). Os resultados são apresentados com base em artigos sobre a temática proposta, publicados nas bases de dados Lilacs e Medline, entre 1997 e 2007. Foram selecionados 48 artigos e documentos disponíveis na internet sobre a prevalência da HA e da insuficiência renal crônica (IRC). Os artigos, livros e documentos foram escolhidos segundo o que traziam as informações pertinentes a esta pesquisa: dados epidemiológicos; ações educativas a serem realizadas pelos enfermeiros; tratamento da HA; fisiopatologia da nefroesclerose hipertensiva; dados essenciais sobre IRC e sua prevenção; saúde coletiva e as doenças crônicas; transição demográfica no Brasil; e a relação entre HA e IRC. Conclui-se que o aparecimento de IRC em decorrência da HA é um evento que vem aumentando nos últimos anos devido à alta prevalência desta. Portanto, a educação em saúde é considerada uma estratégia no combate ao aparecimento da IRC, uma doença de elevado custo econômico e social. As ações educativas são responsabilidades também do enfermeiro, que realiza seu papel de educador efetivamente através do princípio dialógico, onde as informações fornecidas aumentam as chances da adesão do hipertenso ao tratamento.

Anticorpos reativos contra painel em episódios de disfunção do enxerto no transplante renal / Panel reactive antibodies in episodies of kidney allograft dysfunction

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a correlação entre episódios de disfunção do enxerto e a presença de anticorpos anti-HLA classe 1 em pacientes transplantados renais pelas metodologias de citotoxicidade dependente de complemento (CDC), CDC sensibilizado por antiglobulina humana (AGH) e ELISA. Métodos :Foram estudados 30 pacientes consecutivos transplantados renais no Serviço de Nefrologia do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da UERJ, no período de dezembro de 1998 a outubro de 1999. Dezenove pacientes deste grupo apresentaram 27 episódios de disfunção do enxerto, diagnosticados pela presença dos critérios clássicos (febre, dor no enxerto, oligúria, ganho de peso) e rápido aumento na creatinina sérica. O diagnóstico de rejeição aguda foi confirmado em quatro casos submetidos à biápsia renal, de acordo com a classificação de Banff Foram avaliadas 322 amostras semanais de soro, pré e pós-transplante, por CDC e CDC com AGH e 298 delas por ELISA. A análise do tempo decorrido até o episódio de disfunção do enxerto, em função do percentual do PRA das amostras, foi realizada através do teste da Regressão de Cox e teste do Qui-quadrado. Resultados :A detecção de anticorpos anti-HLA classe 1, pelo método de CDC com AGH, apresentou correlação estatisticamente significativa com os episódios de disfunção do enxerto, com razão de risco acumulado = 10,06 e p=0,006. Conclusão :Os dados sugerem que a pesquisa de PRA pode ser um dos métodos utilizados para o monitorização de episódios de disfunção do enxerto.