Effects of 12 weeks of inspiratory muscle training and whole body vibration on the inflammatory profile, BDNF and muscular system in pre-frail elderly women: A randomized controlled trial.

AIM: to investigate the effects of the whole body vibration (WBV) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on the inflammatory profile and in muscle mass and strength in pre-frail older women. METHODS: this study was a randomized double-blind trial. Forty two older women aged 60-80 years were randomly allocated to IMT + WBV (G1), IMTsham + WBV (G2) or Sham groups (G3). During 12 weeks G1 received both trainings, whereas G2 received WBV alone and G3 received IMT with a low fixed load and were positioned at the vibratory platform without therapeutic effect. Participants were evaluated before and after the intervention for the following outcomes: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammatory biomarkers (IB), respiratory (RT) and quadriceps thickness (QT) and diaphragmatic mobility (DM) using muscle ultrasound, body composition (BC) using a bioelectrical impedance scale and inspiratory muscle strength (IMS). RESULTS: after the training, G1 (114.93 ± 21.29) improved IMS (p<0.005) compared with G2 (91.29 ± 23.10) and G3 (85.21 ± 27.02). There was also a significant improve on time of the DM (p<0.001) and RT (p=0.006) for G1 (8.59 ± 3.55 and 11.11 ± 12.66) compared with G2 (1.05 ± 3.09 and 1.10 ± 10.60) and G3 (0.40 ± 2.29 and -1.85 ± 7.45). BDNF, IB, QT and BC were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: IMT associated with WBV is effective to improve in increasing IMS, RT and DM in pre-frail older women. However, these interventions do not modify BDNF, IB, QT or BC in this population.

Mapping peripheral and abdominal sarcopenia acquired in the acute phase of COVID-19 during 7 days of mechanical ventilation.

Our aim was to map acquired peripheral and abdominal sarcopenia in mechanically ventilated adults with COVID-19 through ultrasound measurements. On Days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after admission to critical care, the muscle thickness and cross-sectional area of the quadriceps, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, tibialis anterior, medial and lateral gastrocnemius, deltoid, biceps brachii, rectus abdominis, internal and external oblique, and transversus abdominis were measured using bedside ultrasound. A total of 5460 ultrasound images were analyzed from 30 patients (age: 59.8 ± 15.6 years; 70% men). Muscle thickness loss was found in the bilateral anterior tibial and medial gastrocnemius muscles (range 11.5-14.6%) between Days 1 and 3; in the bilateral quadriceps, rectus femoris, lateral gastrocnemius, deltoid, and biceps brachii (range 16.3-39.1%) between Days 1 and 5; in the internal oblique abdominal (25.9%) between Days 1 and 5; and in the rectus and transversus abdominis (29%) between Days 1 and 7. The cross-sectional area was reduced in the bilateral tibialis anterior and left biceps brachii (range 24.6-25.6%) between Days 1 and 5 and in the bilateral rectus femoris and right biceps brachii (range 22.9-27.7%) between Days 1 and 7. These findings indicate that the peripheral and abdominal muscle loss is progressive during the first week of mechanical ventilation and is significantly higher in the lower limbs, left quadriceps and right rectus femoris muscles in critically ill patients with COVID-19.

Inspiratory muscle training in addition to whole body vibration for functional and physical outcomes in pre-frail older women: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: to investigate the efficacy of addition of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) to the whole body vibration (WBV) on functional outcomes, physical performance, muscle strength and metabolism in pre-frail older women. METHODS: this study was a randomized double-blind trial. Forty-two older women aged 60-80 years who meet the Cardiovascular Health Study frailty criteria for pre-frailty were randomly allocated to IMT + WBV, IMTsham + WBV or Sham groups. IMT + WBV group received 12 weeks of both trainings, whereas IMTsham + WVB received 12 weeks of WBV alone. Sham group received 12 weeks of IMT with a low fixed load and were positioned at the vibratory platform without therapeutic effect. Participants were evaluated before and after the intervention for the following outcomes: 6-min walk test distance (6MWD), balance using Tinetti test, functional mobility using timed up and go test (TUG), handgrip strength (HGS) and peripheral muscle metabolism (glucose and lactate levels). RESULTS: after the training, both groups IMT + WBV and IMTsham + WBV improved 6MWD [mean percentage changes = 20.31 (SD = 14.62) and 13.02 (SD = 12.14), respectively] compared with Sham [0.27 (SD = 6.51)], P <0.01. There was also a significant decrease of mean percentage changes on time of the TUG for IMT + WBV [-21.87 (SD = 7.87)] and IMTsham + WBV [-11.15 (SD = 13.64)] compared with Sham [-4.25 (SD = 13.25)], P <0.01. IMT + WBV group improved balance when compared with IMTsham + WBV and Sham groups (P <0.05 and < 0.01, respectively). HGS and levels of lactate and glucose were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: the addition of IMT to the WBV was effective to improve functionality, balance and physical performance in pre-frail older women.

Respiratory burden in obese and young asthmatics: a study of diaphragmatic kinetics. / Carga respiratória em obesos e jovens asmáticos: um estudo da cinética diafragmática.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the diaphragm kinetics, respiratory function, and serum dosage of leptin and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in three clinical groups: obese, asthmatic, and healthy. METHODS: This is a clinical exploratory study performed on 73 youths (12-24 years of age, 42.5% male) allocated into three groups: obesity (OG, n=33), body mass index (BMIz-score) ≥ +2, asthmatic (AG, n=26) controlled mild asthmatics, classified by GINA, and Healthy Control Group (CG, n=14). The participants were subjected to diaphragmatic ultrasound, spirometry, maximal respiratory pressure, serum leptin levels, and IL-6 and TNF-α whole blood cell culture levels. RESULTS: Diaphragm thickness was higher in OG in comparison to AG and CG (2.0±0.4 vs 1.7±0.5 and 1.6±0.2, both with p<0.05). Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) was significantly lower in OG and AG in relation to the CG (82.8±21.4 and 72.5±21.2 vs 102.8±27.3, both with p<0.05). OG has the highest leptin rate among the groups (with the other two groups had p<0.05). All groups had similar TNF-α and IL-6 levels. CONCLUSION: The muscular hypertrophy found in the diaphragm of the obese individuals can be justified by the increase in respiratory work imposed by the chronic condition of the disease. Such increase in thickness did not occur in controlled mild asthmatics. The IL-6 and TNF-α markers detected no evidence of muscle inflammation, even though leptin was expected to be altered in obese individuals. Both obese and asthmatic patients had lower pulmonary resistance than the healthy ones.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cinética diafragmática, a função respiratória e a dosagem sérica de leptina e citocinas inflamatórias (IL-6 e TNF-α) em três grupos clínicos: obeso, asmático e saudável. MÉTODOS: Estudo clínico-exploratório realizado com 73 jovens (12-24 anos, sendo 42,5% do sexo masculino) alocados em três grupos: obesidade (GO, n = 33), índice de massa corporal (IMC z-score) ≥ + 2 e asmáticos leves controlados (GA, n = 26), classificados pela GINA, e grupo controle saudável (GC, n = 14). Os participantes foram submetidos à ultrassonografia diafragmática, espirometria, pressão respiratória máxima, níveis séricos de leptina e níveis de IL-6 e TNF-α em hemocultura total. RESULTADOS: A espessura do diafragma foi maior no GO em comparação ao GA e GC (2,0 ± 0,4 vs 1,7 ± 0,5 e 1,6 ± 0,2, respectivamente, com p < 0,05). A ventilação voluntária máxima (VVM) foi significativamente menor no GO e GA em relação ao GC (82,8 ± 21,4 e 72,5 ± 21,2 vs 102,8 ± 27,3, respectivamente, com p < 0,05). O GO tem a maior taxa de leptina entre todos os grupos (com os outros dois grupos, p < 0,05). Os três grupos tinham níveis semelhantes de TNF-α e IL-6. CONCLUSÃO: A hipertrofia muscular encontrada no diafragma de indivíduos obesos pode ser justificada pelo aumento do trabalho respiratório imposto pela condição crônica da doença. Esse aumento de espessura não ocorreu em asmáticos leves controlados. Os marcadores IL-6 e TNF-α não detectaram evidências de inflamação muscular, embora fosse esperado que a leptina estivesse alterada em indivíduos obesos. Pacientes obesos e asmáticos apresentaram menor resistência pulmonar do que os saudáveis.

Carga respiratória em obesos e jovens asmáticos: um estudo da cinética diafragmática / Respiratory burden in obese and young asthmatics: a study of diaphragmatic kinetics

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cinética diafragmática, a função respiratória e a dosagem sérica de leptina e citocinas inflamatórias (IL-6 e TNF-α) em três grupos clínicos: obeso, asmático e saudável. Métodos Estudo clínico-exploratório realizado com 73 jovens (12-24 anos, sendo 42,5% do sexo masculino) alocados em três grupos: obesidade (GO, n = 33), índice de massa corporal (IMC z-score) ≥ + 2 e asmáticos leves controlados (GA, n = 26), classificados pela GINA, e grupo controle saudável (GC, n = 14). Os participantes foram submetidos à ultrassonografia diafragmática, espirometria, pressão respiratória máxima, níveis séricos de leptina e níveis de IL-6 e TNF-α em hemocultura total. Resultados A espessura do diafragma foi maior no GO em comparação ao GA e GC (2,0 ± 0,4 vs 1,7 ± 0,5 e 1,6 ± 0,2, respectivamente, com p < 0,05). A ventilação voluntária máxima (VVM) foi significativamente menor no GO e GA em relação ao GC (82,8 ± 21,4 e 72,5 ± 21,2 vs 102,8 ± 27,3, respectivamente, com p < 0,05). O GO tem a maior taxa de leptina entre todos os grupos (com os outros dois grupos, p < 0,05). Os três grupos tinham níveis semelhantes de TNF-α e IL-6. Conclusão A hipertrofia muscular encontrada no diafragma de indivíduos obesos pode ser justificada pelo aumento do trabalho respiratório imposto pela condição crônica da doença. Esse aumento de espessura não ocorreu em asmáticos leves controlados. Os marcadores IL-6 e TNF-α não detectaram evidências de inflamação muscular, embora fosse esperado que a leptina estivesse alterada em indivíduos obesos. Pacientes obesos e asmáticos apresentaram menor resistência pulmonar do que os saudáveis.

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to assess the diaphragm kinetics, respiratory function, and serum dosage of leptin and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in three clinical groups: obese, asthmatic, and healthy. Methods This is a clinical exploratory study performed on 73 youths (12-24 years of age, 42.5% male) allocated into three groups: obesity (OG, n=33), body mass index (BMIz-score) ≥ +2, asthmatic (AG, n=26) controlled mild asthmatics, classified by GINA, and Healthy Control Group (CG, n=14). The participants were subjected to diaphragmatic ultrasound, spirometry, maximal respiratory pressure, serum leptin levels, and IL-6 and TNF-α whole blood cell culture levels. Results Diaphragm thickness was higher in OG in comparison to AG and CG (2.0±0.4 vs 1.7±0.5 and 1.6±0.2, both with p<0.05). Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) was significantly lower in OG and AG in relation to the CG (82.8±21.4 and 72.5±21.2 vs 102.8±27.3, both with p<0.05). OG has the highest leptin rate among the groups (with the other two groups had p<0.05). All groups had similar TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Conclusion The muscular hypertrophy found in the diaphragm of the obese individuals can be justified by the increase in respiratory work imposed by the chronic condition of the disease. Such increase in thickness did not occur in controlled mild asthmatics. The IL-6 and TNF-α markers detected no evidence of muscle inflammation, even though leptin was expected to be altered in obese individuals. Both obese and asthmatic patients had lower pulmonary resistance than the healthy ones.

Immediate Effects of Rib Mobilization and Diaphragm Release Techniques on Cardiac Autonomic Control in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of testing an intervention protocol and measuring the immediate effects of a rib mobilization technique (RMT) and a diaphragm release technique (DRT) on the autonomic nervous system of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS: This was a pilot study of a randomized controlled trial. Fourteen individuals were evaluated. Eligibility criteria were being a sedentary person with a diagnosis of COPD, age between 50 and 72 years, and being clinically stable. Exclusion criteria were heart disease, other respiratory comorbidities, and body mass index above 30kg/m2. Participants first underwent cardiorespiratory evaluation and were then allocated into 2 groups: the RMT + DRT group and the DRT group. Clinical assessments were performed immediately before and after the intervention. Statistical analysis was carried out through a paired-sample Wilcoxon test, and the comparison between groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: All randomized participants completed the assessment and intervention protocol. Sample size was estimated at 24 individuals per group. The DRT group decreased resting heart rate by 5 bpm (P = .03) and increased variance (P = .04) and mean R-R interval (P = .03). The RMT + DRT group decreased mean R-R interval (P = .02). CONCLUSION: The design for this study appears to be feasible for evaluating manual-therapy intervention in the nonmusculoskeletal function of patients with COPD. It was possible to determine the sample size for future studies. Preliminary data show that the diaphragm release technique may reduce mean resting heart rate and increase heart-rate variability immediately after the intervention.

Percepção de pacientes cirúrgicos sobre segurança e seu envolvimento no cuidado à saúde / Surgical patients´ perception of safety and their involvement in health care / Percepción de los pacientes quirúrgicos sobre la seguridad y su participación en la atención médica

Objetivo: investigar a percepção do paciente cirúrgico sobre segurança do paciente e o seu envolvimento no cuidado à saúde durante a internação hospitalar. Método: estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, com 14 pacientes em pós-operatório. Dados obtidos através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas em 2016 em um hospital de reabilitação, e analisados conforme o referencial de Bardin. Resultados: os participantes associaram segurança à estrutura física, confiança institucional, capacitação da equipe de saúde e humanização da assistência. O envolvimento se deu, principalmente, no processo de administração de medicamentos e em situações que divergiam do plano de cuidado conhecido pelo paciente. Conclusão: a percepção dos pacientes sobre segurança da assistência e erros em saúde foi associada a situações vivenciadas ou veiculadas na mídia. O envolvimento dos pacientes ocorreu através de ações que se configuraram como barreiras para ocorrência de erros relacionados à assistência à saúde, legitimando seu papel como corresponsável pela segurança do cuidado.

Objective: to investigate surgical patients' perceptions of patient safety, and their involvement in health care during hospitalization. Method: in this qualitative, exploratory study of 14 postoperative patients, data were obtained by semistructured interview in 2016 at a rehabilitation hospital, and analyzed taking Bardin as the theoretical framework. Results: the participants associated safety with physical structure, institutional trust, the health team's training, and humanized care. They were involved mainly in the medication administration process and in situations that diverged from the care plan known to the patient. Conclusion: patients' perceptions of health care safety and health care errors were associated with situations they experienced or which were broadcast in the media. Patient involvement occurred in actions constituted as barriers to the occurrence of health care errors, thus legitimizing their role as co-responsible for safe care.

Objetivo: investigar las percepciones de los pacientes quirúrgicos sobre la seguridad del paciente y su participación en la atención médica durante la hospitalización. Método: en este estudio cualitativo, exploratorio de 14 pacientes postoperatorios, los datos se obtuvieron mediante entrevista semiestructurada en 2016 en un hospital de rehabilitación, y se analizaron tomando a Bardin como marco teórico. Resultados: los participantes asociaron la seguridad con la estructura física, la confianza institucional, la formación del equipo de salud y la atención humanizada. Se involucraron principalmente en el proceso de administración de medicamentos y en situaciones que divergían del plan de atención conocido por el paciente. Conclusión: las percepciones de los pacientes sobre la seguridad en la atención de la salud y los errores en la atención de la salud se asociaron con situaciones que vivieron o que fueron difundidas en los medios. La participación del paciente se produjo en acciones constituidas como barreras para la ocurrencia de errores asistenciales, legitimando así su rol como corresponsables de la atención segura.

Effects of physical exercise on the autonomic nervous system in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Imbalance in autonomic modulation can occur after a cardiac event, which can lead to deleterious consequences. Exercise has proven to be a therapy which affects this modulation and can be assessed through heart rate variability (HRV). AREAS COVERED: The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of physical exercise on heart rate variability in individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD). The PubMed, PEDro, Scielo, Lilacs and Cochrane databases were systematically searched, for articles which performed supervised exercises in phase II of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with CAD. EXPERT OPINION: Given the differences between studies on interventions and population characteristics, it is difficult to justify similarities or divergences in terms of results. In addition to the variation in sample size, intervention duration, carrying out an additional program at home, and patients with different clinical presentations, it can be inferred that responses to exercise may vary for certain types/clinical profile of individuals with CAD. Thus, it is necessary to carry out more studies with greater methodological rigor, greater standardization of the variables studied and the evaluation forms, in order to increase the veracity of the results and the consequent clinical relevance and therapeutic application.

Cardiorespiratory Performance and Acute Effect of High-intensity Exercise on Lipid Profile in Hypertensive Sedentary Older Adults with and without Diabetes Mellitus.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to verify if the association of hypertension and diabetes mellitus could lead to the differences on cardiorespiratory fitness and lipid profile in older adults. METHODS: 40 older adults were divided into two groups: Hypertensive (HTN) and Hypertensive-diabetic (HTN + T2DM). Maximum exercise test on a treadmill was conducted. Lipid profiles assessment was conducted before and after exercise. The cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) variables were peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), time to reach peak oxygen consumption (TVO2peak), carbon dioxide ventilatory equivalent (VE/VCO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2). To test intergroup and intragroup analyses independent and paired t-tests were used before and after acute exercise. Multiple linear regression was performed to test the influence of coexistence of HTN and T2DM on CRF. RESULTS: CRF measures such as VO2peak (ß = -3.90), VCO2 (ß = -3.87) and TVO2peak (ß= -115.79) were significantly (p-value <0.01) lower in HTN + T2DM group. After acute exercise, there was an increase in the levels of lipid profile variables, however without differences between groups. CONCLUSION: HTN + T2DM older adults had poorer CRF. Acute changes in lipemia were similar in both groups.

Impact of moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis on thoraco-abdominal kinematics and respiratory muscle function.

Objective: To assess thoraco-abdominal kinematics, respiratory muscle strength and electromyographic activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) in moderate-severe allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 40 individuals (20 in the AR group) and 20 in the control group [CG]) was conducted. Ventilatory pattern and chest wall volume distribution (optoelectronic plethysmography), respiratory muscle strength (manovacuometry and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure [SNIP]), and EAdi were assessed in both groups. Results: The AR patients had impaired thoraco-abdominal kinematics (reduced total chest wall volume) (p = 0.004), lower values of total respiratory cycle time (p = 0.014) and expiratory time (p = 0.006). They also presented an increase of percentage contribution of the abdominal rib cage (p = 0.475) and respiratory rate (p = 0.019). A positive correlation among pulmonary rib cage tidal volume and MIP (r = 0.544; p < 0.001), SNIP (r = 0.615; p < 0.001), and MEP (r = 0.604; p < 0.001) was observed. After adjusting for age, BMI and gender through multivariate analysis, the individuals with AR presented lower values ​​of MIP (ß = -24.341; p < 0.001), MEP (ß = -0.277; p < 0.001), SNIP (ß = -34.687; p < 0.001) and RMS (ß = -0.041; p = 0.017). Conclusions: The individuals with moderate-severe persistent AR had worse respiratory muscle strength, diaphragm activation and chest wall volume distribution with a higher abdominal contribution to tidal volume than the control group. These findings reinforce the notion that the upper and lower airways work in an integrated and synergistic manner.

Relação entre tempo de transplante renal e força muscular respiratória: série de casos / Relationship between renal transplantation time and respiratory muscle strength: case series

Introdução: O paciente com Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) apresenta alterações respiratórias que persistem após o transplante e o restabelecimento da função renal. Objetivos: Avaliar a relação entre o tempo de transplante renal e sua influência sobre a força dos músculos respiratórios. Métodos: Foram avaliados voluntários adultos atendidos no Ambulatório de Pós-Transplante Renal do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, quanto à força muscular respiratória (manovacuometria), à função pulmonar (espirometria) e o nível de atividade física (Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física ­ IPAQ). Resultados: Foram avaliados 15 voluntários no total. No grupo <154 meses de transplante renal, 57,14% dos voluntários apresentaram fraqueza muscular inspiratória (FMI), 57,14% e 71,42% apresentaram, respectivamente, redução dos valores previstos de capacidade vital forçada (CVF%) e do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1%), e 100% foram considerados ativos. No grupo ≥154 meses de transplante renal, 50% deles apresentaram FMI, 37,5% mostraram valores de CVF% e VEF1% reduzidos e 62,5% foram classificados inativos. Todos os voluntários do estudo apresentaram fraqueza muscular expiratória. Conclusão: O grupo com menor tempo de transplante apresentou maior comprometimento da força muscular respiratória, sendo observado um nível de atividade física significativamente menor no grupo com maior tempo de realização do transplante. Não houve diferença em relação à função pulmonar entre os grupos.

Introduction: The chronic renal patient has respiratory changes that persist after transplantation, even after reestablishment of renal function. Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between renal transplantation time and its influence on the strength of the respiratory muscles. Methods: Adult volunteers were evaluated at the Outpatient Renal Transplant Clinic of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Federal University of Pernambuco, regarding respiratory muscle strength by means of manovacuometry, pulmonary function by spirometry and the level of physical activity by the International Activity Questionnaire Physics ­ IPAQ. Results: A total of 15 volunteers were evaluated. In the group <154 months of renal transplantation, 57.14% of the volunteers had inspiratory muscle weakness (IMF), 57.14% presented reduced forced vital capacity (FVC) values, 71.42% had predicted expiratory volume forced in the first second reduced (FEV1%) and 100% were considered active. In the group ≥154 months of kidney transplantation, 50% had IMF, 37.5% showed FVC% and FEV1% values reduced, and 62.5% were classified as inactive. All study volunteers had expiratory muscle weakness. Conclusion: The group with shorter transplant time presented greater impairment of respiratory muscle strength, and a significantly lower level of physical activity was observed in the group with longer transplantation time. There was no difference in lung function between groups.

Comportamento da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e da capacidade funcional de acordo com o tempo de transplante renal / Behavior of variability of heart rate and functional capacity according to renal transplant time

Introdução: Desequilíbrio autonômico, com aumento da atividade simpática e redução da parassimpática, pode ocorrer no transplantado renal, representando forte indicador de risco cardíaco. Objetivo: Avaliar a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e a capacidade funcional dos transplantados renais de acordo com o tempo de transplante renal. Métodos: Série de casos envolvendo transplantados renais divididos em grupos de acordo com a mediana do tempo de transplante renal (158 meses). Foram avaliados a VFC através do Holter por 24 horas, o nível de atividade física (IPAQ) e o desempenho funcional (teste de caminhada de 6 minutos). Resultados: Os indivíduos comportaram-se diferentemente em relação à VFC e à capacidade funcional. No entanto, aqueles com maior tempo de transplante apresentaram maior VFC, eram menos ativos e variaram mais no desempenho funcional. Conclusão: O presente estudo constata a presença de diferenças individuais na VFC e no desempenho funcional entre os transplantados renais de acordo com o tempo de realização do TX.

Introduction: Autonomic imbalance, with increased sympathetic activity and reduction of parasympathetic activity, may occur in the renal transplantation patient, representing a strong indicator of cardiac risk. Objective: To assess heart rate variability (HRV) and functional capacity of kidney transplantation recipients according to the time of transplantation. Methods: A case series involving renal transplant recipients divided into groups according to the median of kidney transplantation time (158 months). HRV was evaluated through 24-hour Holter monitoring, physical activity level (IPAQ) and functional performance (6-minute walk test). Results: The individuals behaved differently in relation to HRV and functional capacity. Those with longer transplantation had higher HRV, were less active and presented more diverse functional performance. Conclusion: The present study notes the presence of individual differences in HRV and functional performance between renal transplants according to the time of TX.

Whole body vibration to attenuate reduction of explosive force in chronic kidney disease patients: a randomized controlled trial.

To investigate whether whole body vibration (WBV) training increases the explosive force of the knee extensors in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Fourteen CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis were randomly allocated in WBV training or Sham group. Explosive force parameters (contractile impulse [CImp] and relative rate of force development [RFDr]) obtained in early (30 and 50 msec) and late phases (100 and 200 msec) of the knee extensors force/time curve. CImp and RFDr obtained at the early phase of force/time curve reduced after the intervention period, with a smaller decline for WBV (CImp at 50 msec [~-15% and -51%, P=0.038], RFDr at 30 msec [~-22% and -52%, P=0.044] and RFDr at 50 msec [~-11% and -54%; P=0.008]). In the late phase there was a lower decline for WBV group compared to Sham group, respectively: CImp: 100 msec (~-8% and -55%, P=0.025), 200 msec (~-3% and -46%, P= 0.025); RFDr 100 msec (~0.01% and -56%, P=0.033), 200 msec (~-5% and -36%, P=0.004). Three months of WBV training may attenuate the explosive force reduction in CKD patients.

Análise da força muscular expiratória e respiração espontânea de indivíduos em ventilação mecânica: estudo transversal / El análisis de la fuerza muscular espiratoria y la respiración espontánea de los individuos en ventilación mecánica: el estudio transversal / Analysis of expiratory muscle strength and spontaneous breathing of individuals on mechanical ventilation: a cross-sectional study

RESUMO Os músculos da expiração têm funções em todo o ciclo respiratório, mas não são frequentemente avaliados no desmame da ventilação mecânica. Assim, revisões e consensos não mencionam a pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx) e o treino expiratório. Objetivou-se investigar a relação da força muscular expiratória com a respiração espontânea de indivíduos ventilados mecanicamente. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com participantes de 18 a 79 anos de idade. Foram formados os grupos PEmáx satisfatória (GPES) e PEmáx baixa (GPEB) conforme o ponto de corte de 55cmH2O e comparados a parâmetros de desmame. O GPES (n=9) teve desempenho superior ao do GPEB (n=21) no índice de respiração rápida e superficial (IRRS) (40,6±17,6rpm/L e 75,3±44,1rpm/L, respectivamente; p=0,022) e na frequência respiratória (f) (19,1±6,2rpm e 26,1±9,4rpm; p=0,044). A prevalência de PEmáx satisfatória foi pequena, observada no tamanho dos grupos. Além disso, embora a PEmáx percentual do valor predito tenha sido menor no GPEB, como esperado (67,2±15,4% vs. 45,8±14,7%; p=0,001), a pressão inspiratória máxima percentual não diferiu significantemente (82,4±21,8% vs. 67,8±18,4%; p=0,077). A PEmáx se correlacionou moderadamente com o IRRS (r=-0,406; p=0,026) e com a f (r=-0,426; p=0,017). Conclui-se que a PEmáx≥55cmH2O esteve associada à melhores valores no IRRS e na f, e que a redução da força muscular expiratória foi mais prevalente e severa que a da força muscular inspiratória.

RESUMEN Los músculos de la espiración tienen funciones en todo el ciclo respiratorio, sin embargo, no son frecuentemente evaluados en el desmame de la ventilación mecánica. Así, revisiones y consensos no mencionan la tensión espiratoria máxima (PEmáx) y el entreno espiratorio. Se ha objetivado investigar la relación de la fuerza muscular espiratoria con la respiración espontánea de los individuos ventilados mecánicamente. Se trata de un estudio transversal con participantes de 18 a 79 años de edad. Han sido hechos los grupos PEmáx satisfactoria (GPES) y PEmáx baja (GPEB) de acuerdo con el punto de corte de 55cmH2O y han sido comparados a parámetros de destete. El GPES (n=9) ha tenido el desempeño superior al del GPEB (n=21) en el índice de respiración rápida y superficial (IRRS) (40,6±17,6rpm/L y 75,3±44,1rpm/L, respectivamente; p=0,022) y en la frecuencia respiratoria (f) (19,1±6,2rpm y 26,1±9,4rpm; p=0,044). La prevalencia de PEmáx satisfactoria ha sido pequeña, ha sido observada en el tamaño de los grupos. Además de eso, aunque la PEmáx porcentual del valor predicho haya sido menor en el GPEB, como ha sido esperado (67,2±15,4% vs. 45,8±14,7%; p=0,001), la presión inspiratoria máxima porcentual no ha diferido significantemente (82,4±21,8% vs. 67,8±18,4%; p=0,077). La PEmáx se ha correlacionado moderadamente con el IRRS (r=-0,406; p=0,026) y con la f (r=-0,426; p=0,017). Se concluye que la PEmáx≥55cmH2O ha estado asociada a los mejores valores en el IRRS y en la f, y que la reducción de la fuerza muscular espiratoria ha sido más prevalente y severa que la de la fuerza muscular inspiratoria.

ABSTRACT The expiratory muscles have functions throughout the respiratory cycle, but they are not often evaluated in the weaning from mechanical ventilation. Thus, reviews and consensus do not mention the maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) and the expiratory training. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of expiratory muscle strength with the spontaneous breathing of individuals on mechanical ventilation. This is a cross-sectional study with participants aged between 18 and 79 years. The groups satisfactory MEP (SMEPG) and low MEP (LMEPG) were formed according to the cut-off point of 55 cmH2O and compared to weaning parameters. The SMEPG (n=9) had better performance than LMEPG (n=21) in the rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) (40.6±17.6 bpm/L and 75.3±44.1 bpm/L, respectively; p=0.022) and in the respiratory rate (RR) (19.1±6.2 bpm and 26.1±9.4 bpm; p=0.044). Prevalence of satisfactory MEP was low, as observed in the size of groups. In addition, although the MEP percentage of the predicted value was lower in LMEPG, as expected (67.2±15.4% vs. 45.8±14.7%; p=0.001), the percentage for maximal inspiratory pressure was not significantly different (82.4±21.8% vs. 67.8±18.4%; p=0.077). The MEP was moderately correlated with the RSBI (r=−0.406; p=0.026) and with the RR (r=−0.426; p=0.017). It was concluded that MEP≥55 cmH2O was associated with better values in RSBI and RR and that the reduction of expiratory muscle strength was more prevalent and severe than that of inspiratory muscle strength.

Acute Whole Body Vibration Decreases the Glucose Levels in Elderly Diabetic Women.

Type II diabetes (TIIDM) is characterized by high levels of blood glucose followed by excessive insulin release so that the target cells become less sensitive, developing insulin resistance and maintaining hyperglycemic levels. Physical activity is the strongest element to prevent and to manage the TIIDM, and the majority of patients do not remain in regularly active levels, because the premature fatigue in these patients decreases the adherence to the training. Contrastingly, the whole body vibration (WBV) training may improve the glucose metabolism in diabetic patients, reducing the peripheral blood sugar, decreasing the physical discomfort and perceived exertion. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine the effect of an acute WBV session as therapy to promote fasting decreases in insulin levels in peripheral blood in TIIDM when compared to healthy elderly. For this, fifteen healthy elderly women and fourteen diabetic elderly women, all sedentary, were allocated in diabetic or control groups, and we made an acute whole body session composed of 10 bouts lasting 2 minutes each one, separated by a 30-second rest period. The WBV was executed in a triaxial platform MY3 Power Plate® at 35 hertz and has been chosen a peak-to-peak displacement of 4 millimeters. After the protocol, both groups decreased the glycemic levels and increased lactate production in relation to the basal levels and when compared diabetic and control, where the most important results have been shown in diabetic women. This study revealed that WBV training in TIIDM has had significant beneficial effects on the control of glucose levels, still in an acute session. So that, the complete training probably will show better results about glycemic control and this finding could be especially important when prescribing exercise for elderly who are unable or unwilling to use traditional loads or who show poor exercise compliance.

Risco de quedas e qualidade de vida no distúrbio mineral e ósseo da doença renal: estudo transversal / Risk of falls and quality of life in chronic kidney disease patients with mineral and bone disorder: cross-sectional study

Introdução: As anormalidades ósseas em doentes renais crônicos tornam-nos mais propensos a fraturas que a população geral, além da exposição a eventos clínicos relacionados à queda, que podem interferir na qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Avaliar o risco de quedas e qualidade de vida em doentes renais crônicos com distúrbio mineral e ósseo. Métodos: Estudo transversal, envolvendo 50 pacientes classificados em dois grupos: baixa remodelação (n=20) e alta remodelação (n=30). Foram registrados dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, avaliado o risco de quedas (Escala Internacional de Eficácia de Quedas) e a qualidade de vida (Medical Outcomes Study SF-36). Resultados: A prevalência de risco de quedas entre os pacientes de baixa e de alta remodelação foi 65% e 50% respectivamente, além de um maior comprometimento do estado geral de saúde, avaliado pelo SF-36, nos dois grupos. Conclusão: Foi observado risco elevado de quedas com maior comprometimento dos aspectos físicos relacionados à qualidade de vida.

Introduction: Bone abnormalities in chronic kidney patients make them more prone to fractures than the general population, in addition to exposure to clinical events related to fall, which may interfere with their quality of life. Objective: To evaluate the risk of falls and quality of life in chronic kidney patients with mineral and bone disorders. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 50 patients classified into two groups: low remodeling (n = 20) and high remodeling (n = 30). Sociodemographic and clinical data were recorded, assessing the risk of falls (International Falls Efficiency Scale) and quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study SF-36). Results: The prevalence of risk of falls among low and high remodeling patients was 65% and 50%, respectively, as well as a greater impairment of SF-36 in both groups. Conclusion: There was a high risk of falls with greater impairment of physical aspects related to quality of life.

Vibrating Platform Training Improves Respiratory Muscle Strength, Quality of Life, and Inspiratory Capacity in the Elderly Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Aging affects respiratory strength that could cause reduction in functional capacity and quality of life, playing a fundamental role in healthy aging and survival. To prevent these declines, the whole body vibration (WBV) has been proposed to increase strength and functional capacity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of WBV on respiratory muscle strength, thoracoabdominal ventilation, and quality of life in the elderly adults. METHODS: This study was a controlled, randomized double-blind clinical trial. The study included 28 elderly adults randomized into three groups: Resistance (n = 9), WBV (n = 9), or WBV + resistance exercises (n = 10), performing training, sham, or double training for 3 months, twice per week. The variables of the study were as follows: maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP), distribution of thoracoabdominal volumes variation in optoelectronic plethysmography (pulmonary rib cage-VRCp, abdominal rib cage-VRCa, and abdomen-VAB), and quality of life. RESULTS: After training, WBV and WBV + resistance groups increased MIP and MEP (p < .001). During inspiratory capacity maneuver, WBV groups had incremental increases in chest wall total volume (p < .001), showing a rise in pulmonary rib cage (p = .03) and abdominal rib cage (p = .04). Furthermore, WBV groups improved SF-36 scores in functional capacity, physical aspects, energy, pain, and general heath domains. CONCLUSIONS: The WBV is a training that could improve respiratory muscle strength and quality of life and promote different ventilatory strategies in chest wall and thoracoabdominal compartments in healthy elderly adults.

Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Muscle Strength and Quality of Life in Health Elderly: A Meta-Analysis / Efeitos da Vibração de Corpo Inteiro na Força Muscular e Qualidade de Vida em Idosos Saudáveis: Uma Meta-análise

Abstract Introduction: The literature presents different findings about the vibration training efficacy on muscle per- formance, even using protocols with similar parameters. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) on strength and quality of life in health elderly people, presenting a meta-analisys. Methods: PubMed, CINAHL, SciELO, LILACS and PEDro databases were systematically searched for studies that used WBV in healthy elderly. These searches were supplemented with material identified in references and a qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed to sum- marize the findings. The search was performed by two independent researchers with a third was selected to solve problems of search disagreement, data collection, and quality score. Results: Nine studies with strength outcome and two studies with quality of life outcome were identified, with sample ranging 21 to 220 elderly, all studies had control groups performing exercises or guidelines. Some studies have shown sig- nificant improvements in muscle strength, muscle power, vertical jump height, timed get up and go test and quality of life. Conclusion: The meta-analysis of the findings in these studies shows that WBV could benefit health elderly, increasing muscle strength and improving the quality of life mainly in functional capacity. The number of publications found in the databanks searched is small, with limitations in design of protocols with a weakness to the interpretation of the findings, suggesting the need of investigation with WBV with well-designed protocols and controlled parameters into the effects of WBV training in elderly people.

Resumo Introdução: A literatura apresenta diferentes resultados sobre a eficácia do treinamento da vibração de corpo inteiro sobre o desempenho muscular, mesmo utilizando protocolos com parâmetros semelhantes. Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi investigar os efeitos da vibração de corpo inteiro (VCI) sobre a força e a qualidade de vida em idosos saudáveis, apresentando uma meta-análise. Métodos: A busca ocorreu nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, SciELO, Lilacs e Pedro visando estudos sobre o uso de WBV em idosos saudáveis. Essas pesquisas foram complementadas com material identificado nas referências e foi realizada uma análise quali-quantitativa resumindo os resultados. A pesquisa foi realizada por dois pesquisadores independentes, com um terceiro sendo selecionado para resolver problemas de desacordo na busca, coleta de dados e índice de qualidade. Resultados: Foram identificados nove estudos com desfecho força e dois estudos com desfechos na qualidade de vida, com amostras entre 21-220 idosos, todos com grupo controle recebendo orientações ou realizando outro tipo de exercício. Alguns estudos mostraram melhorias significativas da força e desempenho musculares, da altura do salto vertical, do teste Timed Up and Go e da qualidade de vida. Conclusão: A meta-análise dos resultados destes estudos indicam que VCI pode beneficiar idosos saudáveis, aumentando a força muscular e melhorando a qualidade de vida, principalmente na capacidade funcional. O número de publica- ções encontradas nas bases de dados pesquisadas foi pequeno, com limitações na concepção de protocolos com uma fragilidade na interpretação dos achados, sugerindo a necessidade de investigação da VCI com protocolos melhor desenhados e com parâmetros controlados na WBV em idosos.

Acute effects of different inspiratory efforts on ventilatory pattern and chest wall compartmental distribution in elderly women.

It is not completely described how aging affect ventilatory kinematics and what are the mechanisms adopted by the elderly population to overcome these structural modifications. Given this, the aim was to evaluate the acute effects of different inspiratory efforts on ventilatory pattern and chest wall compartmental distribution in elderly women. Variables assessed included: tidal volume (Vt), total chest wall volume (Vcw), pulmonary rib cage (Vrcp%), abdominal rib cage (Vrca%) and abdominal compartment (Vab%) relative contributions to tidal volume. These variables were assessed during quiet breathing, maximal inspiratory pressure maneuver (MIP), and moderate inspiratory resistance (MIR; i.e., 40% of MIP). 22 young women (age: 23.9 ± 2.5 years) and 22 elderly women (age: 68.2 ± 5.0 years) participated to this study. It was possible to show that during quiet breathing, Vab% was predominant in elderly (p<0.001), in young, however, Vab% was similar to Vrcp% (p=0.095). During MIR, Vrcp% was predominant in young (p<0.001) and comparable to Vab% in elderly (p=0.249). When MIP was imposed, both groups presented a predominance of Vrcp%. In conclusion, there are differences in abdominal kinematics between young and elderly women during different inspiratory efforts. In elderly, during moderate inspiratory resistance, the pattern is beneficial, deep, and slow. Although, during maximal inspiratory resistance, the ventilatory pattern seems to predict imminent muscle fatigue.

The Manual Diaphragm Release Technique improves diaphragmatic mobility, inspiratory capacity and exercise capacity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised trial.

QUESTIONS: In people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, does the Manual Diaphragm Release Technique improve diaphragmatic mobility after a single treatment, or cumulatively? Does the technique also improve exercise capacity, maximal respiratory pressures, and kinematics of the chest wall and abdomen? DESIGN: Randomised, controlled trial with concealed allocation, intention-to-treat analysis, and blinding of participants and assessors. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty adults aged over 60 years with clinically stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. INTERVENTION: The experimental group received six treatments with the Manual Diaphragm Release Technique on non-consecutive days within a 2-week period. The control group received sham treatments following the same regimen. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was diaphragmatic mobility, which was analysed using ultrasonography. The secondary outcomes were: the 6-minute walk test; maximal respiratory pressures; and abdominal and chest wall kinematics measured by optoelectronic plethysmography. Outcomes were measured before and after the first and sixth treatments. RESULTS: The Manual Diaphragm Release Technique significantly improved diaphragmatic mobility over the course of treatments, with a between-group difference in cumulative improvement of 18mm (95% CI 8 to 28). The technique also significantly improved the 6-minute walk distance over the treatment course, with a between-group difference in improvement of 22 m (95% CI 11 to 32). Maximal expiratory pressure and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure both showed significant acute benefits from the technique during the first and sixth treatments, but no cumulative benefit. Inspiratory capacity estimated by optoelectronic plethysmography showed significant cumulative benefit of 330ml (95% CI 100 to 560). The effects on other outcomes were non-significant or small. CONCLUSION: The Manual Diaphragm Release Technique improves diaphragmatic mobility, exercise capacity and inspiratory capacity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This technique could be considered in the management of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02212184.