Embryonic origin of two ASD subtypes of social symptom severity: the larger the brain cortical organoid size, the more severe the social symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Social affective and communication symptoms are central to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), yet their severity differs across toddlers: Some toddlers with ASD display improving abilities across early ages and develop good social and language skills, while others with "profound" autism have persistently low social, language and cognitive skills and require lifelong care. The biological origins of these opposite ASD social severity subtypes and developmental trajectories are not known. METHODS: Because ASD involves early brain overgrowth and excess neurons, we measured size and growth in 4910 embryonic-stage brain cortical organoids (BCOs) from a total of 10 toddlers with ASD and 6 controls (averaging 196 individual BCOs measured/subject). In a 2021 batch, we measured BCOs from 10 ASD and 5 controls. In a 2022 batch, we  tested replicability of BCO size and growth effects by generating and measuring an independent batch of BCOs from 6 ASD and 4 control subjects. BCO size was analyzed within the context of our large, one-of-a-kind social symptom, social attention, social brain and social and language psychometric normative datasets ranging from N = 266 to N = 1902 toddlers. BCO growth rates were examined by measuring size changes between 1- and 2-months of organoid development. Neurogenesis markers at 2-months were examined at the cellular level. At the molecular level, we measured activity and expression of Ndel1; Ndel1 is a prime target for cell cycle-activated kinases; known to regulate cell cycle, proliferation, neurogenesis, and growth; and known to be involved in neuropsychiatric conditions. RESULTS: At the BCO level, analyses showed BCO size was significantly enlarged by 39% and 41% in ASD in the 2021 and 2022 batches. The larger the embryonic BCO size, the more severe the ASD social symptoms. Correlations between BCO size and social symptoms were r = 0.719 in the 2021 batch and r = 0. 873 in the replication 2022 batch. ASD BCOs grew at an accelerated rate nearly 3 times faster than controls. At the cell level, the two largest ASD BCOs had accelerated neurogenesis. At the molecular level, Ndel1 activity was highly correlated with the growth rate and size of BCOs. Two BCO subtypes were found in ASD toddlers: Those in one subtype had very enlarged BCO size with accelerated rate of growth and neurogenesis; a profound autism clinical phenotype displaying severe social symptoms, reduced social attention, reduced cognitive, very low language and social IQ; and substantially altered growth in specific cortical social, language and sensory regions. Those in a second subtype had milder BCO enlargement and milder social, attention, cognitive, language and cortical differences. LIMITATIONS: Larger samples of ASD toddler-derived BCO and clinical phenotypes may reveal additional ASD embryonic subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: By embryogenesis, the biological bases of two subtypes of ASD social and brain development-profound autism and mild autism-are already present and measurable and involve dysregulated cell proliferation and accelerated neurogenesis and growth. The larger the embryonic BCO size in ASD, the more severe the toddler's social symptoms and the more reduced the social attention, language ability, and IQ, and the more atypical the growth of social and language brain regions.

Learning difficulties in school children: health and education professionals' perceptions.

OBJECTIVES: to understand health and education professionals' perceptions regarding children's learning difficulties in public schools. METHODS: qualitative research, of the participatory action type, linked to Paulo Freire's Research Itinerary. Forty-five professionals participated, through interviews and a Virtual Culture Circle. The analysis was developed through careful reading, reflection and interpretation of highlighted topics. RESULTS: professionals discussed the (in)visibility of learning difficulties, strategies and resources in the educational sector and the search for solutions in the health sector. It was found that the production of complaints related to school learning is attributed predominantly as an individual problem of children or their family, exempting the educational institution from this process. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: greater investment in professional training and development policies is urgently needed to facilitate coordination between sectors, with a view to overcoming outdated pedagogical and health models.

Impact of a research-action on vaccination indicators in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the impact of the state research-action project on immunization indicators (vaccination coverage - VC, homogeneity of vaccination coverage - HVC, dropout rate - DR, and risk rating) before and after the intervention in municipalities and priority Regional Health Administrations/Regional Health Superintendencies (RHA/RHS). METHODS: The state research-action project was a before-after community clinical trial conducted in 212 municipalities belonging to eight RHA/RHS in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The study sample comprised RHA/RHS with a decreasing trend for routine vaccination coverage in children under one year from 2015 to 2020. This study used secondary VC and DR data from 10 immunobiologicals recommended for children younger than two years from January to December 2021 (pre-intervention period, prior to the state research-action project) and from January to December 2022 (post-intervention period). The categorical variables were presented in proportions, and initially, a comparison was made between those of DR, HVC, and the risk rating for the transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases, according to the two periods (2021 and 2022), using the McNemar test. RESULTS: All immunization indicators increased after conducting the research-action project. In 2021, 80.66% of the state's municipalities had a risk rating for the transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases as "high and very high." In 2022, the value reduced to 68.40%. CONCLUSIONS: Risk rating for the transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases is an important mechanism to assist managers in defining priorities. The state research-action project used a method that enabled the construction and execution of unique action plans for each municipality, directing the improvement of immunization indicators in the state.

The impact of strategies for increasing vaccination coverage in children: A community clinical trial.

The Brazilian National Immunization Program (PNI) has been consolidating itself as one of the most relevant interventions in public health. Paradoxically, great challenges arise for the PNI. The phenomenon of falling vaccine coverage is observed not only in Brazil, but in several countries. In the year 2021, faced with the unfavorable scenario of a drop in vaccination coverage, the State Department of Health, and the Federal University of Minas Gerais joined forces to implement a research-intervention project. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of this intervention on vaccination coverage in children under 2 years of age and on indicators of immunization work processes. This is a community clinical trial carried out in 212 municipalities in the state. Workshops were held and Municipal Action Plans were created. Vaccination coverage data were obtained from the National Immunization Program Information System (SIPNI) and evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U Test and the McNemar Test. Work process indicators were evaluated using the Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. The results demonstrate an important improvement for most of the indicators in the three analyzed times, with statistical significance and an increase in medians and interquartile ranges. Among the indicators that showed the best performance, it is possible to mention those related to the active search by the Community Health Agent. Regarding vaccine coverage, for all immunobiologicals analyzed, there was an increase in the percentage of municipalities that reached targets when comparing the years 2022 and 2021, except for hepatitis A. The intervention research had a positive impact on vaccine coverage of children under 2 years of age and on indicators of immunization work processes in municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Loss of GTF2I promotes neuronal apoptosis and synaptic reduction in human cellular models of neurodevelopment.

Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by hemizygous loss of 26-28 genes at 7q11.23, characteristically portray a hypersocial phenotype. Copy-number variations and mutations in one of these genes, GTF2I, are associated with altered sociality and are proposed to underlie hypersociality in WS. However, the contribution of GTF2I to human neurodevelopment remains poorly understood. Here, human cellular models of neurodevelopment, including neural progenitors, neurons, and three-dimensional cortical organoids, are differentiated from CRISPR-Cas9-edited GTF2I-knockout (GTF2I-KO) pluripotent stem cells to investigate the role of GTF2I in human neurodevelopment. GTF2I-KO progenitors exhibit increased proliferation and cell-cycle alterations. Cortical organoids and neurons demonstrate increased cell death and synaptic dysregulation, including synaptic structural dysfunction and decreased electrophysiological activity on a multielectrode array. Our findings suggest that changes in synaptic circuit integrity may be a prominent mediator of the link between alterations in GTF2I and variation in the phenotypic expression of human sociality.

Impact of a research-action on vaccination indicators in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Impacto de uma pesquisa-ação nos indicadores vacinais em Minas Gerais

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Analyze the impact of the state research-action project on immunization indicators (vaccination coverage - VC, homogeneity of vaccination coverage - HVC, dropout rate - DR, and risk rating) before and after the intervention in municipalities and priority Regional Health Administrations/Regional Health Superintendencies (RHA/RHS). METHODS The state research-action project was a before-after community clinical trial conducted in 212 municipalities belonging to eight RHA/RHS in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The study sample comprised RHA/RHS with a decreasing trend for routine vaccination coverage in children under one year from 2015 to 2020. This study used secondary VC and DR data from 10 immunobiologicals recommended for children younger than two years from January to December 2021 (pre-intervention period, prior to the state research-action project) and from January to December 2022 (post-intervention period). The categorical variables were presented in proportions, and initially, a comparison was made between those of DR, HVC, and the risk rating for the transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases, according to the two periods (2021 and 2022), using the McNemar test. RESULTS All immunization indicators increased after conducting the research-action project. In 2021, 80.66% of the state's municipalities had a risk rating for the transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases as "high and very high." In 2022, the value reduced to 68.40%. CONCLUSIONS Risk rating for the transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases is an important mechanism to assist managers in defining priorities. The state research-action project used a method that enabled the construction and execution of unique action plans for each municipality, directing the improvement of immunization indicators in the state.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o impacto do projeto estadual de pesquisa-ação nos indicadores de imunização (coberturas vacinais - CV, homogeneidade de cobertura vacinal - HCV, taxa de abandono - TA e classificação de risco) antes e após a intervenção em municípios e Gerências Regionais de Saúde/Superintendências Regionais de Saúde (GRS/SRS) prioritários. MÉTODOS O projeto estadual de pesquisa-ação foi um ensaio clínico comunitário, do tipo antes-depois, realizado em 212 municípios pertencentes a oito GRS/SRS do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Compuseram a amostra do estudo as SRS/GRS com tendência decrescente para a cobertura vacinal de rotina em crianças menores de 1 ano, no período de 2015 a 2020. Neste estudo, foram utilizados dados secundários de CV e TA de 10 imunobiológicos recomendados para crianças menores de 2 anos, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2021 (período pré-intervenção, anterior ao projeto estadual de pesquisa-ação) e de janeiro a dezembro de 2022 (período pós-intervenção). As variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas em proporções e, inicialmente, realizou-se a comparação entre as de TA, HCV e a classificação de risco para a transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis, segundo os dois períodos (2021 e 2022), utilizando-se o teste McNemar. RESULTADOS Observou-se um aumento de todos os indicadores de imunização após a realização do projeto de pesquisa-ação. No ano de 2021, 80,66% dos municípios do estado tiveram a classificação de risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis como "alto e muito alto risco". Em 2022, o valor foi reduzido para 68,40%. CONCLUSÕES A classificação de risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis é um mecanismo importante para auxiliar os gestores na definição de prioridades. O projeto estadual de pesquisa-ação empregou um método que possibilitou a construção e a execução de planos de ação singulares a cada município, direcionando a melhoria dos indicadores de imunização no estado.

Thyroid dysfunction alters gene expression of proteins related to iron homeostasis and metabolomics in male rats.

Thyroid hormones (THs) are crucial in bodily functions, while iron is essential for processes like oxygen transport. Specialized proteins maintain iron balance, including ferritin, transferrin, ferroportin, and hepcidin. Research suggests that THs can influence iron homeostasis by affecting mRNA and protein expression, such as ferritin and transferrin. Our study focused on male rats to assess mRNA expression of iron homeostasis-related proteins and metabolomics in thyroid dysfunction. We found altered gene expression across various tissues (liver, duodenum, spleen, and kidney) and identified disrupted metabolite patterns in thyroid dysfunction. These findings highlight tissue-specific effects of thyroid dysfunction on essential iron homeostasis proteins and provide insights into associated metabolic changes. Our research contributes to understanding the intricate interplay between thyroid hormones and iron balance. By unveiling tissue-specific gene expression alterations and metabolic disruptions caused by thyroid dysfunction, our work lays a foundation for future investigations to explore underlying mechanisms and develop targeted strategies for managing iron-related complications in thyroid disorders.

Learning difficulties in school children: health and education professionals' perceptions / Dificultades de aprendizaje en escolares: percepciones de los profesionales de la salud y la educación / Dificuldade de aprendizagem de crianças escolares: percepções dos profissionais da saúde e da educação

ABSTRACT Objectives: to understand health and education professionals' perceptions regarding children's learning difficulties in public schools. Methods: qualitative research, of the participatory action type, linked to Paulo Freire's Research Itinerary. Forty-five professionals participated, through interviews and a Virtual Culture Circle. The analysis was developed through careful reading, reflection and interpretation of highlighted topics. Results: professionals discussed the (in)visibility of learning difficulties, strategies and resources in the educational sector and the search for solutions in the health sector. It was found that the production of complaints related to school learning is attributed predominantly as an individual problem of children or their family, exempting the educational institution from this process. Final Considerations: greater investment in professional training and development policies is urgently needed to facilitate coordination between sectors, with a view to overcoming outdated pedagogical and health models.

RESUMEN Objetivos: comprender las percepciones de los profesionales de la salud y la educación sobre las dificultades de aprendizaje de los niños en las escuelas públicas. Métodos: investigación cualitativa, del tipo acción participativa, vinculada al Itinerario de Investigación de Paulo Freire. Participaron 45 profesionales, a través de entrevistas y un Círculo Virtual de Cultura. El análisis se desarrolló a través de una atenta lectura, reflexión e interpretación de los temas destacados. Resultados: los profesionales discutieron la (in)visibilidad de las dificultades de aprendizaje, las estrategias y los recursos en el sector educativo y la búsqueda de soluciones en el sector salud. Se encontró que la producción de quejas relacionadas con el aprendizaje escolar se atribuye predominantemente como un problema individual del niño o de su familia, eximiendo a la institución educativa de este proceso. Consideraciones Finales: urge una mayor inversión en políticas de formación y desarrollo profesional para facilitar la coordinación entre sectores, con miras a superar modelos pedagógicos y sanitarios obsoletos.

RESUMO Objetivos: conhecer as percepções dos profissionais da saúde e da educação acerca da dificuldade de aprendizagem de crianças da rede pública de ensino. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo ação participante, articulada ao Itinerário de Pesquisa de Paulo Freire. Participaram 45 profissionais, por meio de entrevistas e um Círculo de Cultura Virtual. A análise desenvolveu-se na leitura cuidadosa, reflexão e interpretação dos temas destacados. Resultados: os profissionais dialogaram sobre a (in)visibilidade da dificuldade de aprendizagem, as estratégias e os recursos do setor educacional e a busca por resolutividade no setor saúde. Verificou-se que a produção das queixas relacionadas à aprendizagem escolar está atribuída predominantemente como problema individual da criança ou de sua família, isentando a instituição educacional desse processo. Considerações Finais: é premente maior investimento em políticas de formação e aperfeiçoamento dos profissionais para propiciar a articulação entre os setores, com vistas a superar modelos pedagógicos e de saúde ultrapassados.

Social support networks and life cycle stage of Venezuelan immigrant families.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the structures of social networks of interiorized Venezuelan immigrant families and the life cycle stage they are in. METHODS: Qualitative multiple-case study with families from the Interiorization Program residing in the Greater Florianópolis, Brazil. Screening occurred through social networks and key informants. For data collection, the photovoice technique and semi-structured interviews were used, categorized with the help of the Atlas.ti software. Genograms and ecomaps were elaborated. RESULTS: Of the 4 families interviewed, totaling 7 members with young children, the nuclear family was identified as the main informal support network. Formal networks included schools, churches, and civil society. CONCLUSION: Families rely heavily on their nuclear structure for support, with formal institutions acting as secondary resources. The predominant life cycle stage is focused on families with young children. More efforts are needed to strengthen formal support networks.

Adverse event following immunization or vaccination in children in Minas Gerais: 2015 to 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To describe adverse event following immunization or vaccination in children in Minas Gerais: 2015 to 2020, resulting from immunization errors in children from zero to nine years old. METHODS: An ecological, descriptive study with a quantitative approach, based on event notifications available in the National Immunization Program Information System. RESULTS: Among the 39,903,277 doses of immunobiologicals in children aged zero to nine, administered in the state of MG, 3,259 events of types of immunization errors were recorded, around 0.008% of the total and, of these, 91.86% did not result in adverse events and 56.02% were children under one year of age. The most frequent diagnosis was application outside the recommended age (29.12%). Among the manifestations, 71.91% were local and systemic, with fever being the most common (40.85%). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that immunization errors were rare and that most of them were not associated with adverse events, which reinforces the safety of the immunization process. This undoubtedly raises reflection on the need and relevance of continuing education for health professionals.

Contato pele a pele em um centro de referência do Método Canguru: estudo descritivo / Skin-to-skin contact in a reference center for the kangaroo method: descriptive study / Contacto piel con piel en un centro de referencia del método Madre Canguro: estudio descriptivo

Objetivo:descrever como ocorre a prática do contato pele a pele em uma unidade neonatal referência para o Método Canguru. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado em unidade intensiva neonatal do sul do Brasil. Dados analisados por meio de estatística descritiva simples. Protocolo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: analisados dados de29 recém-nascidos pré-termo, com peso menor de 1.800 gramas. O primeiro contato pele a pele foi realizado, em média, com 6,38 dias. A frequência de contato pele a pele foi de 1,6 vezes ao dia, sendo o tempo mínimo de 56 minutos e o ganho ponderal médio de 26,98gramaspor dia. Conclusão: a realização do contato pele a pele acontece, em sua maioria, após o quinto dia de vida, na primeira etapa do Método. A frequência de realização deste contato foi de uma vez por dia e o tempo de duração médio foi de 120 minutos. Na segunda etapa do Método,os dados pouco variaram(AU)

Objective:to describe how skin-to-skin contact is practiced in a neonatal unit that is a reference for the Kangaroo Mother Care. Method:descriptive, cross-sectional study, carried out in a neonatal intensive unit in southern Brazil. Data analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. Protocol approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results:data from 29 preterm newborns weighing less than 1,800 grams were analyzed. The first skin-to-skin contact took place, on average, after 6.38 days. The frequency of skin-to-skin contact was 1.6 times a day, with a minimum time of 56 minutes and an averageweight gain of 26.98g per day. Conclusion:skin-to-skin contact occurs, for the most part, after the fifth day of life, in the first stage of the Method. The frequency of this contact was once a day, and the average duration was 120 minutes. In the second stage of the Method, the data varied little(AU)

Objetivo:describir cómo se practica el contacto piel con piel en una unidad neonatal que es referencia del Método Madre Canguro. Método:Estudio descriptivo, transversal, realizado en una unidad intensiva neonatal del sur de Brasil. Datos analizados mediante estadística descriptiva simple. Protocolo aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados:se analizaron los datos de 29 recién nacidos prematuros, cuyo peso era inferior a 1.800 gramos. El primer contacto piel con pielse produjo, en promedio, después de 6,38 días. La frecuencia de contacto piel con piel fue de 1,6 veces al día, durante un tiempo mínimo de 56 minutos y un aumento medio de peso de 26,98 g por día. Conclusión: el contacto piel con piel ocurre, en su mayor parte, después del quinto día de vida, en la primera etapa del Método. La frecuencia de este contacto fue una vez al día y laduración, en promedio, fue de 120 minutos. En la segunda etapa del Método los datos variaron poco(AU)

Acidentes de trabalho entre trabalhadoras(es) domésticas(os) sob a perspectiva de gênero, Brasil, 2016 a 2020 / Occupational injuries among domestic workers from the gender perspective, Brazil, 2016 to 2020 / Accidentes laborales entre trabajadoras(es) domésticas(os) desde una perspectiva de género, Brasil, de 2016 a 2020

Trabalhadoras(es) domésticas(os) estão submetidas(os) ao risco de acidentes de trabalho (AT) devido às atividades realizadas e à vulnerabilidade social relacionada à ocupação. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é descrever as diferenças de gênero no perfil epidemiológico dos AT entre trabalhadoras(es) domésticas(os) no Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo de casuística descritivo utilizando notificações dos AT com trabalhadoras(es) domésticas(os) do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), no período de 2016 a 2020. Dos 13.957 AT registrados para esse grupo ocupacional, foram mais frequentes aqueles com mulheres e homens não brancos, com escolaridade maior que oito anos e trabalhadores formais, embora a maioria desses casos não tenha gerado a Comunicação de Acidente de Trabalho. A maioria dos AT aconteceu com mulheres de 40 a 59 anos e homens mais jovens, de 18 a 39 anos. A ocupação de caseiro representou quase a totalidade dos registros de AT entre os homens, enquanto, entre as mulheres, as ocupações mais frequentes foram as de caseira e diarista. Diagnósticos de queda, impacto ou contato com objeto perfurocortante e acidentes de transporte foram os mais comuns. Embora a proporção de registros de AT entre ambos os sexos seja semelhante, os homens apresentam alguns indicadores de maior vulnerabilidade, e a maior formalidade em seus registros indica a invisibilidade das trabalhadoras domésticas mulheres e informais.

Domestic workers are at risk of occupational injuries (OI) due to the activities performed and the social vulnerability related to the occupation. Thus, the aim of this study is to describe gender differences in the epidemiological profile of OI among domestic workers in Brazil. Tio that end, a descriptive casuistry study using notifications of OI with domestic workers from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), Brazil, was carried out from 2016 to 2020. Of the 13,957 OI registered for this occupational group, those with non-white women and men, with more than eight years of formal education and registered worker were more frequent, although most of these cases did not result in a Work Accident Communication. Most OI occurred with women aged 40 to 59 years and younger men, aged 18 to 39 years. The occupation housekeeping represented almost the totality of OI records among men, whereas among women, the most frequent occupations were housekeepers and day laborers. Diagnoses of falls, impact, or contact with sharp objects and transport accidents were the most common. Although the proportion of OI records between both sexes is similar, men show some indicators of greater vulnerability, and the greater formality in their registries indicates the invisibility of female and informal domestic workers.

Las(os) trabajadoras(es) domésticas(os) están sujetos al riesgo de accidentes de trabajo (AT), por las actividades que realizan y por la vulnerabilidad social de la ocupación. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo describir las diferencias de género en el perfil epidemiológico de AT entre trabajadoras(es) domésticas(os) en Brasil. Para ello, se realizó un estudio casuístico, descriptivo, con notificaciones de AT en trabajadoras(es) en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (SINAN), recabadas entre 2016 y 2020. De los 13.957 AT registrados para este grupo ocupacional, la mayoría sucedió a mujeres y hombres no blancos, con más de ocho años de educación formal y a trabajadores informales, aunque la mayor parte de ellos no contó con la Comunicación por Accidente de Trabajo. La mayoría ocurrió en mujeres de 40 a 59 años y en hombres más jóvenes de 18 a 39 años. Los cuidadores de casas representaban casi todos los registros entre los hombres, mientras que, entre las mujeres, fueron las cuidadoras de casas y señoras de la limpieza a tiempo parcial. Los diagnósticos de caídas, impacto o contacto con objetos cortopunzantes y accidentes de transporte fueron los más frecuentes. Aunque la proporción de registros de AT entre ambos sexos es similar, los hombres muestran algunos indicadores de mayor vulnerabilidad, y la mayor formalidad de esos registros indica la invisibilidad de las trabajadoras de la limpieza y las trabajadoras informales.

[Transmission risk classification for vaccine-preventable diseases in Minas Gerais, Brazil: two years since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Classificação de risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis em Minas Gerais, Brasil: dois anos desde o início da pandemia de COVID-19.

The scope of this study is to analyze the risk classification of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in the 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an epidemiological study with secondary data on vaccination coverage and dropout rate of ten immuno-biologicals recommended for under 2-year-old children in 2021 in MG. With respect to the dropout rate, this indicator was only evaluated for the multidose vaccines. After calculating all the indicators, the municipalities of the state were classified according to the transmission risk of VPDs into five categories: very low, low, medium, high, and very high risk. Minas Gerais had 80.9% of municipalities classified as high transmission risk for VPDs. Regarding the homogeneity of vaccination coverage (HCV), large municipalities had the highest percentage of HCV classified as very low, and 100% of these municipalities were classified as high or very high risk for transmission of VPDs, with statistical significance. The use of immunization indicators by municipality is effective for the classification of the scenario of each territory and the proposal of public policies seeking to increase vaccination coverage.

O objetivo é analisar a classificação de risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis nos 853 municípios de Minas Gerais (MG) após dois anos de início da pandemia de COVID-19. Estudo epidemiológico com dados secundários da cobertura vacinal e taxa de abandono de dez imunobiológicos recomendados para crianças menores de 2 anos, no ano de 2021, em MG. Em relação à taxa de abandono, este indicador foi avaliado somente para as vacinas multidoses. Após o cálculo de todos os indicadores, os municípios do estado foram classificados de acordo com o risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis em cinco estratos. Minas Gerais apresentou 80,9% dos municípios classificados como alto risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis. Em relação à homogeneidade das coberturas vacinais (HCV), os municípios de grande porte apresentaram a maior porcentagem de HCV classificada como muito baixa e 100% desses municípios foram classificados como de alto ou muito alto risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis, com significância estatística. A utilização de indicadores de imunização por município é efetiva para o delineamento do cenário de cada território e a proposição de políticas públicas em saúde visando o aumento das coberturas vacinais.

Classificação de risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis em Minas Gerais, Brasil: dois anos desde o início da pandemia de COVID-19 / Transmission risk classification for vaccine-preventable diseases in Minas Gerais, Brazil: two years since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo O objetivo é analisar a classificação de risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis nos 853 municípios de Minas Gerais (MG) após dois anos de início da pandemia de COVID-19. Estudo epidemiológico com dados secundários da cobertura vacinal e taxa de abandono de dez imunobiológicos recomendados para crianças menores de 2 anos, no ano de 2021, em MG. Em relação à taxa de abandono, este indicador foi avaliado somente para as vacinas multidoses. Após o cálculo de todos os indicadores, os municípios do estado foram classificados de acordo com o risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis em cinco estratos. Minas Gerais apresentou 80,9% dos municípios classificados como alto risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis. Em relação à homogeneidade das coberturas vacinais (HCV), os municípios de grande porte apresentaram a maior porcentagem de HCV classificada como muito baixa e 100% desses municípios foram classificados como de alto ou muito alto risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis, com significância estatística. A utilização de indicadores de imunização por município é efetiva para o delineamento do cenário de cada território e a proposição de políticas públicas em saúde visando o aumento das coberturas vacinais.

Abstract The scope of this study is to analyze the risk classification of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) in the 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an epidemiological study with secondary data on vaccination coverage and dropout rate of ten immuno-biologicals recommended for under 2-year-old children in 2021 in MG. With respect to the dropout rate, this indicator was only evaluated for the multidose vaccines. After calculating all the indicators, the municipalities of the state were classified according to the transmission risk of VPDs into five categories: very low, low, medium, high, and very high risk. Minas Gerais had 80.9% of municipalities classified as high transmission risk for VPDs. Regarding the homogeneity of vaccination coverage (HCV), large municipalities had the highest percentage of HCV classified as very low, and 100% of these municipalities were classified as high or very high risk for transmission of VPDs, with statistical significance. The use of immunization indicators by municipality is effective for the classification of the scenario of each territory and the proposal of public policies seeking to increase vaccination coverage.

O trabalho interprofissional na Atenção Primária à Saúde na Pandemia de COVID-19

O trabalho interprofissional na Atenção Primária à Saúde é estratégico para assegurar o princípio da integralidade na atenção à saúde. O Sistema Único de Saúde vem sofrendo precarizações, dadas medidas políticas que impactam na continuidade de ações e serviços. Sobretudo, a pandemia de COVID-19 surgiu como um novo desafio, levando as equipes a repensar e desenvolver estratégias de manutenção do cuidado integral de saúde à população. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi conhecer a percepção dos profissionais das equipes interprofissionais em saúde acerca do trabalho interprofissional desenvolvido e quais as estratégias adotadas na Atenção Primária durante o período pandêmico. Estudo qualitativo, convergente-assistencial, realizado com 12 profissionais das equipes interprofissionais de três Centros de Saúde de um município do Sul do Brasil. Como resultado da análise de conteúdo das entrevistas e, também, de registros de observação participante, constituíram-se duas categorias: Percepção e mudanças acerca do trabalho interprofissional durante a pandemia de COVID19 e Condições para concretização do trabalho interprofissional. Conclui-se que a pandemia promoveu desafios para os profissionais, impactando também na sua saúde mental, e promoveu também obstáculos para a realização do trabalho interprofissional, principalmente pelo trabalho remoto imposto pelas normativas institucionais frente ao enfrentamento da emergência sanitária. Foi necessário a criação de estratégias para a manutenção do cuidado e do trabalho interprofissional, como a oferta de teleconsultas, teleatendimentos e ações de grupos de promoção à saúde virtual.

Labour market participation among rehabilitated individuals with spinal cord injury in Brazil: a cross-sectional study.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE: To document the labour market participation rate and investigate the impact of social and economic characteristics on this outcome among individuals with spinal cord injury or disease (SCI/D) who participated in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme in Brazil. SETTING: A specialised rehabilitation centre in southern Brazil. METHODS: An interview was performed with former rehabilitation clients with SCI/D. A total of 111 community-dwelling individuals with SCI/D who had been previously rehabilitated in a large regional rehabilitation centre were considered. Employment status and demographic, injury, work, and economic characteristics were self-reported via interview. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: The labour market participation rate was 21.6% (24 individuals). Five respondents were employed in formal work activities, and the other 19 were involved in informal activities (self-employed). Since the onset of injury, a shorter time was associated with nonparticipation in occupational work. Individuals with a higher level of education were more likely to be working. Household income was higher among the participants who had returned to work than among those who had not returned. CONCLUSION: There is a relatively low labour market participation rate among rehabilitated individuals with SCI/D in southern Brazil. The rehabilitation services should emphasise vocational training, access to education, and employment support for individuals with SCI/D from early onset after the injury. Public policies must be revised to support labour market participation among individuals with SCI/D in Brazil.

O desbravar de novos caminhos: itinerário terapêutico de famílias de crianças e adolescentes com câncer / Abriendo nuevos caminos: el itinerario terapéutico de las familias de niños y adolescentes con cáncer / Breaking new paths: therapeutic itinerary of families of children and adolescents with cancer

Objetivos: descrever o itinerário terapêutico de crianças/adolescentes com câncer e suas famílias. Método: estudo descritivo qualitativo realizado com 11 mães e uma avó de crianças/adolescentes em tratamento de câncer, guiado pelo referencial teórico do Modelo de Sistemas de Cuidados à Saúde. Os dados foram coletados no período de março a setembro de 2019, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e audiogravadas, submetidas à análise de conteúdo de Morse e Field. Resultados: para a família, o caminho percorrido durante todo o processo de busca pelo diagnóstico e pela cura se configurou em sofrimento e sentimentos ambíguos. Ao longo do itinerário terapêutico, cada família estabeleceu seu modo de agir, perceber, se comunicar, de se relacionar e tomar decisões. Considerações finais: conhecer o itinerário terapêutico de famílias de crianças/adolescentes com câncer pode nortear intervenções de enfermagem assertivas e subsidiar a elaboração de estratégias que aprimorem o diagnóstico precoce da doença, favorecendo o melhor prognóstico.

Objetivos: describir el itinerario terapéutico de niños/adolescentes con cáncer y sus familias. Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo cualitativo realizado entre 11 madres y una abuela de niños/adolescentes bajo tratamiento de cáncer, guiado por el referencial teórico del Modelo de Sistemas de Cuidados de la Salud. Los datos se recopilaron durante el período comprendido entre marzo y septiembre de 2019, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y audio-grabadas, sometidas al análisis de contenido de Morse y Field. Resultados: para la familia, el camino recorrido a lo largo del proceso de búsqueda de un diagnóstico y una cura se caracterizó por el sufrimiento y los sentimientos ambiguos. A lo largo del itinerario terapéutico, cada familia estableció su propia forma de actuar, percibir, comunicarse, relacionarse y tomar decisiones. Conclusión: conocer el itinerario terapéutico de las familias de niños/adolescentes con cáncer puede orientar las intervenciones asertivas de la enfermería y subsidiar el desarrollo de estrategias que mejoren el diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad de una manera más precisa.

Objective: to describe the therapeutic itinerary of children/adolescents with cancer and their families. Method: qualitative descriptive study carried out with 11 mothers and one grandmother of children/adolescents undergoing cancer treatment, guided by the theoretical framework of the Health Care Systems Model. Data were collected from March to September 2019, through semi-structured and audio-recorded interviews, submitted to Morse and Field content analysis. Results: for the family, the path taken throughout the process of searching for diagnosis and cure was characterized by suffering and ambiguous feelings. Throughout the therapeutic itinerary, each family established their way of acting, perceiving, communicating, relating and making decisions. Final considerations: knowing the therapeutic itinerary of families of children/adolescents with cancer can guide assertive nursing interventions and support the development of strategies that improve the early diagnosis of the disease, favoring a better prognosis

Adverse event following immunization or vaccination in children in Minas Gerais: 2015 to 2020 / Eventos supostamente atribuíveis à imunização ou vacinação em crianças de Minas Gerais: de 2015 a 2020

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe adverse event following immunization or vaccination in children in Minas Gerais: 2015 to 2020, resulting from immunization errors in children from zero to nine years old. Methods: An ecological, descriptive study with a quantitative approach, based on event notifications available in the National Immunization Program Information System. Results: Among the 39,903,277 doses of immunobiologicals in children aged zero to nine, administered in the state of MG, 3,259 events of types of immunization errors were recorded, around 0.008% of the total and, of these, 91.86% did not result in adverse events and 56.02% were children under one year of age. The most frequent diagnosis was application outside the recommended age (29.12%). Among the manifestations, 71.91% were local and systemic, with fever being the most common (40.85%). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that immunization errors were rare and that most of them were not associated with adverse events, which reinforces the safety of the immunization process. This undoubtedly raises reflection on the need and relevance of continuing education for health professionals.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os eventos supostamente atribuíveis à imunização ou vacinação em crianças de Minas Gerais, de 2015 a 2020, decorrentes dos erros de imunização em crianças de 0 a 9 anos. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa, fundamentado nas notificações de eventos disponíveis no Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. Resultados: Dentre os 39.903.277 de doses de imunobiológicos administrados em crianças de 0 a 9 anos, no estado de Minas Gerais, registraram-se 3.259 eventos do tipo erros de imunizaçõo, cerca de 0,008% do total e, destes, 91,86% não acarretaram eventos adversos e 56,02% ocorreram em crianças menores de 1 ano. O diagnóstico mais frequente foi a aplicação fora da idade recomendada (29,12%). Dentre as manifestações, 71,91% foram locais e, em relação às sistêmicas, a mais comum foi a febre (40,85%). Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou que os erros de imunização foram raros e a maioria deles não se associou aos eventos adversos, o que reitera a segurança no processo de imunização. Isso suscita, indubitavelmente, a reflexão sobre a necessidade e a relevância de educação permanente dos profissionais da saúde.

Estratégias cooperativas para melhorar a cobertura vacinal em crianças no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Cooperative strategies to improve vaccination coverage in children in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Estrategias cooperativas para mejorar la cobertura de vacunación infantil en el estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil)

Objetivo: relatar a experiência das oficinas de uma pesquisa-ação do tipo intervenção elaborada para aumento da cobertura vacinal de crianças em municípios do estado de Minas Gerais. Método: relato de experiência sobre a metodologia empregada nas oficinas organizadas com objetivo de aumentar a cobertura vacinal no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As oficinas foram compostas em quatro etapas: momento motivacional, núcleo contextual, núcleo integrador/planejamento e núcleo integrador/resultados. Resultados: As oficinas mostraram-se potentes na sensibilização e na indução da discussão dos indicadores de cobertura vacinal, evidenciando, inconsistências entre o Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações e os registros internos dos municípios. Para além dos indicadores, as oficinas, permitiram troca de experiências entre os representantes municipais, discussão de recursos financeiros, estruturação de salas de vacina, aquisição de veículos, contratação de profissionais, entre outros. Considerações Finais: As oficinas mostram-se capaz de evidenciar a realidade dos municípios, para além do reconhecimento das necessidades para melhoria dos processos de imunização, mas também no desenvolvimento de estratégias, capazes de promover aumento das coberturas vacinais.

Objective: to report the experience of workshops of an action research designed to increase vaccination coverage of children in municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais. Method: experience report on the methodology used in the workshops organized to increase vaccination coverage in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The workshops were composed in four stages: motivational moment, contextual core, integrative core/planning and integrative core/results. Results: The workshops proved powerful in raising awareness and inducing discussion of vaccination coverage indicators, evidencing, inconsistencies between the National Immunization Program Information System and the internal records of the municipalities. In addition to the indicators, the workshops allowed the exchange of experiences among municipal representatives, discussion of financial resources, structuring of vaccine rooms, acquisition of vehicles, hiring of professionals, among others. Final Considerations: The workshops are able to highlight the reality of the municipalities, in addition to recognizing the needs for improvement of immunization processes, but also in developing strategies to promote increased vaccination coverage.

Objetivo: relatar la experiencia de los talleres de una investigación-acción diseñada para aumentar la cobertura de vacunación infantil en municipios del estado de Minas Gerais. Método: informe de experiencia sobre la metodología utilizada en los talleres organizados para aumentar la cobertura de vacunación en el estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los talleres constaron de cuatro etapas: momento motivacional, núcleo contextual, núcleo integrador/planificación y núcleo integrador/resultados. Resultados: Los talleres demostraron ser potentes para sensibilizar e inducir la discusión de los indicadores de cobertura de vacunación, evidenciando, inconsistencias entre el Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones y los registros internos de los municipios. Además de los indicadores, los talleres permitieron el intercambio de experiencias entre representantes municipales, discusión de recursos financieros, estructuración de salas de vacunas, adquisición de vehículos, contratación de profesionales, entre otros. Consideraciones Finales: Los talleres se mostraron capaces de evidenciar la realidad de los municipios, más allá del reconocimiento de las necesidades de mejora de los procesos de inmunización, pero también en el desarrollo de estrategias, capaces de promover el aumento de la cobertura de vacunación.

Alterações de linguagem em pacientes pós lesão encefálica adquirida na fase aguda / Language changes in patients after brain injury acquired in the acute phase

Caracterizar as alterações de linguagem encontradas em pacientes com lesão encefálica adquirida em fase aguda Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional, descritiva do tipo transversal. A avaliação foi realizada nas enfermarias de um hospital de urgências, com pacientes de idade superior a 18 anos, diagnóstico de lesão encefálica adquirida e tempo de internação de até 60 dias. O protocolo utilizado incluiu avaliação das praxias orais, expressão, compreensão da linguagem oral e leitura. Ao final, foi possível apresentar as hipóteses diagnósticas de afasias fluentes e não fluentes, disartria e sem alteração de linguagem. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva através da distribuição de frequência absoluta e frequência relativa Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 24 pacientes sendo a maioria do gênero masculino, com média de idade de 51 anos. O diagnóstico de maior frequência foi Acidente Vascular Cerebral. Dos pacientes avaliados, 79% tiveram alterações de fala/linguagem. As hipóteses diagnósticas fonoaudiológicas encontradas foram: afasia global, afasia de broca, afasia transcortical mista, afasia de condução, afasia transcortical motora, afasia transcortical sensorial e disartria. Conclusão: A afasia global foi o transtorno de linguagem de maior ocorrência entre os indivíduos, bem como o gênero masculino e o acidente vascular cerebral. A avaliação da linguagem de pacientes com lesões encefálicas adquiridas na fase aguda é pertinente, pois promove o levantamento de alterações desde as perceptíveis até as mais discretas

To characterize the language disorders found in patients with brain injury acquired in the acute phase Methods: This is an observational, descriptive cross-sectional study. The evaluation was carried out in the wards of an emergency hospital, with patients aged over 18 years, diagnosed with acquired brain injury and hospitalization time of up to 60 days. The protocol used included assessment of oral praxis, expression, comprehension of oral language and reading. In the end, it was possible to present the diagnostic hypotheses of fluent and non-fluent aphasias, dysarthria and without language alteration. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics through the distribution of absolute frequency and relative frequency. Results: The sample consisted of 24 patients, most of whom were male, with a mean age of 51 years. The most frequent diagnosis was Cerebral Vascular Accident. Of the evaluated patients, 79% had speech/language disorders. The speech-language diagnostic hypotheses found were: global aphasia, drill aphasia, mixed transcortical aphasia, conduction aphasia, motor transcortical aphasia, sensory transcortical aphasia and dysarthria. Conclusion: Global aphasia was the most frequent language disorder among individuals, as well as males and stroke. The evaluation of the language of patients with brain injuries acquired in the acute phase is relevant, as it promotes the survey of changes from the perceptible to the most discreet