Testicular morphological and ultrasonographic characterization of male gray brocket deers (Mazama gouazoubira) in different reproductive status

Background: Gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) populations have been declining due to human intervention.Yet, only a few studies have assessed ultrasonographic testicular characteristics in cervids. Considering the relevance ofmonitoring testicular size, blood flow, and parenchyma, the present study aims to establish baseline information on scrotalcircumference, testicular volume, and spectral Doppler parameters, to describe differences among adult male gray brocketdeer in different reproductive status, and to correlate ultrasound parameters with testes size measurements.Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult male gray brocket deers were used in the study. Scrotal circumference and testicularvolume were measured. B mode ultrasound images of testes (longitudinal and cross-sectional views) and epididymes weresubjected to computer-assisted analysis, obtaining the numerical pixel values (NPV) and pixel standard deviation (PSD).Using spectral Doppler, supratesticular artery blood flow velocities (peak systolic velocity - PSV, end diastolic velocity -EDV, time-average maximum velocity - TAMAX, resistivity - RI and pulsatility indices - PI) were obtained. Semen wasanalyzed through total motility, vigor, and concentration tests. Three animals were normospermic (F+ group) and threewere oligo/azoospermic (F- group). Groups were compared using were compared using a one-way ANOVA or KruskalWallis followed by Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test. Ultrasound parameters were correlated to testes size parametersusing Pearsons correlation for parametric variables and Spearmans correlation for non-parametric variables. F+ grouppresented significantly higher scrotal circumference (14.57 ± 1.19 cm), testicular volume (26.18 ± 4.94 cm3), and testescross-sectional NPV (69.88 ± 24.00) and PSD (10.78 ± 3.42) than group F- (NPV: 28.26 ± 13.75, PSD: 6.70 ± 1.84). Nosignificant differences were observed between the groups regarding...(AU)

Testicular morphological and ultrasonographic characterization of male gray brocket deers (Mazama gouazoubira) in different reproductive status

Background: Gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) populations have been declining due to human intervention.Yet, only a few studies have assessed ultrasonographic testicular characteristics in cervids. Considering the relevance ofmonitoring testicular size, blood flow, and parenchyma, the present study aims to establish baseline information on scrotalcircumference, testicular volume, and spectral Doppler parameters, to describe differences among adult male gray brocketdeer in different reproductive status, and to correlate ultrasound parameters with testes size measurements.Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult male gray brocket deers were used in the study. Scrotal circumference and testicularvolume were measured. B mode ultrasound images of testes (longitudinal and cross-sectional views) and epididymes weresubjected to computer-assisted analysis, obtaining the numerical pixel values (NPV) and pixel standard deviation (PSD).Using spectral Doppler, supratesticular artery blood flow velocities (peak systolic velocity - PSV, end diastolic velocity -EDV, time-average maximum velocity - TAMAX, resistivity - RI and pulsatility indices - PI) were obtained. Semen wasanalyzed through total motility, vigor, and concentration tests. Three animals were normospermic (F+ group) and threewere oligo/azoospermic (F- group). Groups were compared using were compared using a one-way ANOVA or KruskalWallis followed by Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test. Ultrasound parameters were correlated to testes size parametersusing Pearson’s correlation for parametric variables and Spearman’s correlation for non-parametric variables. F+ grouppresented significantly higher scrotal circumference (14.57 ± 1.19 cm), testicular volume (26.18 ± 4.94 cm3), and testescross-sectional NPV (69.88 ± 24.00) and PSD (10.78 ± 3.42) than group F- (NPV: 28.26 ± 13.75, PSD: 6.70 ± 1.84). Nosignificant differences were observed between the groups regarding...

Viabilidade espermática em sêmen in natura e refrigerado de veado-catingueiro / Sperm viability of brown brocket deer fresh and cooled sêmen

The brown brocket deer is in risk of extinction in two brazilian states. Therefore, more studies on semen evaluation may be useful to improve male reproductive capacity assessment. In this sense, this study evaluated the sperm viability using eosin-nigrosin and compared the results of fresh and cooled semen samples. Although the viability decreased in cooled semen, it maintained a satisfactory result.

Viabilidade espermática em sêmen in natura e refrigerado de veado-catingueiro / Sperm viability of brown brocket deer fresh and cooled sêmen

The brown brocket deer is in risk of extinction in two brazilian states. Therefore, more studies on semen evaluation may be useful to improve male reproductive capacity assessment. In this sense, this study evaluated the sperm viability using eosin-nigrosin and compared the results of fresh and cooled semen samples. Although the viability decreased in cooled semen, it maintained a satisfactory result.(AU)

Aplicações da ultrassonografia doppler na avaliação reprodutiva de cães / Applications of doppler ultrasonography in reproductive evaluation of dogs

A ultrassonografia modo-B tornou-se há muito tempo importante na avaliação do trato reprodutivo normal, bem como no diagnóstico de distúrbios reprodutivos em cães. O surgimento mais recente da ultrassonografia Doppler permitiu um acréscimo de ferramentas na avaliação reprodutiva, uma vez que ela permite investigar os padrões de fluxo sanguíneo dos vasos que irrigam as diferentes partes que compõem o trato reprodutivo e para avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo dos vasos materno-fetais, bem como das glândulas mamárias. Dessa forma, esse trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um apanhado dos trabalhos referentes à ultrassonografia Dopplerna reprodução canina.

Two-dimensional ultrasound has become very important in assessing normal reproductive tract as well as in the diagnosis of reproductive disorders in dogs. The most recent emergence of Doppler ultrasound allowed an increase in reproductive evaluation tools, since it allows to investigate the patterns of blood flow through the vessels that supply the different parts of the reproductive tract, and to assess blood flow of maternal-fetal vessels as well as the mammary glands. Thus, this study aimed to do a roundup of the papers regarding Doppler ultrasonography in the canine reproduction.

Aplicações da ultrassonografia doppler na avaliação reprodutiva de cães / Applications of Doppler ultrasonography in reproductive evaluation of dogs

A ultrassonografia modo-B tornou-se há muito tempo importante na avaliação do trato reprodutivo normal, bem como no diagnóstico de distúrbios reprodutivos em cães. O surgimento mais recente da ultrassonografia Doppler permitiu um acréscimo de ferramentas na avaliação reprodutiva, uma vez que ela permite investigar os padrões de fluxo sanguíneo dos vasos que irrigam as diferentes partes que compõem o trato reprodutivo e para avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo dos vasos materno-fetais, bem como das glândulas mamárias. Dessa forma, esse trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um apanhado dos trabalhos referentes à ultrassonografia Doppler na reprodução canina.(AU)

Two-dimensional ultrasound has become very important in assessing normal reproductive tract as well as in the diagnosis of reproductive disorders in dogs. The most recent emergence of Doppler ultrasound allowed an increase in reproductive evaluation tools, since it allows to investigate the patterns of blood flow through the vessels that supply the different parts of the reproductive tract, and to assess blood flow of maternal-fetal vessels as well as the mammary glands. Thus, this study aimed to do a roundup of the papers regarding Doppler ultrasonography in the canine reproduction.(AU)

Ultrassonografia bidimensional e Doppler para avaliação do trato reprodutor de pequenos animais / Bi-dimensional-ultrasonography and Doppler to evaluate the reproductive tract of small animals

A ultrassonografia bi-dimensional vem sendo utilizada para avaliação do trato reprodutor de cães e gatos há muito tempo. Mais recentemente, o Doppler surgiu como mais uma ferramenta para auxiliar no monitoramento de gestação, caracterizar os vasos em diferentes fases do ciclo estral, bem como para avaliar a vascularização da próstata e dos testículos. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta pequena revisão é traçar um panorama do uso da ultrassonografia bidimensional e do Doppler para avaliação do trato reprodutivo de pequenos animais.(AU)

Two-dimensional ultrasonography has been used for assessment of reproductive tract of dogs and cats for a long time. More recently, the Doppler emerged as another tool to assist in the monitoring of pregnancy, to characterize the vascular circulation in different phases of estrous cycle, as well as to evaluate the testicular and prostatic vasculature. In this way, the purpose of this little review is to draw a panorama using the two-dimensional ultrasonography and Doppler studies for evaluation of the reproductive tract of small animals.(AU)

Ultrassonografia bidimensional e Doppler para avaliação do trato reprodutor de pequenos animais / Bi-dimensional-ultrasonography and Doppler to evaluate the reproductive tract of small animals

A ultrassonografia bi-dimensional vem sendo utilizada para avaliação do trato reprodutor de cães e gatos há muito tempo. Mais recentemente, o Doppler surgiu como mais uma ferramenta para auxiliar no monitoramento de gestação, caracterizar os vasos em diferentes fases do ciclo estral, bem como para avaliar a vascularização da próstata e dos testículos. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta pequena revisão é traçar um panorama do uso da ultrassonografia bidimensional e do Doppler para avaliação do trato reprodutivo de pequenos animais.

Two-dimensional ultrasonography has been used for assessment of reproductive tract of dogs and cats for a long time. More recently, the Doppler emerged as another tool to assist in the monitoring of pregnancy, to characterize the vascular circulation in different phases of estrous cycle, as well as to evaluate the testicular and prostatic vasculature. In this way, the purpose of this little review is to draw a panorama using the two-dimensional ultrasonography and Doppler studies for evaluation of the reproductive tract of small animals.