Evaluation of the acute and sublethal toxicity of Mancozeb in Pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri).

The toxic potential of dithiocarbamates fungicides widely used in world agriculture is well known, among which Mancozeb is one of the most used. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Mancozeb, determining the LC50% of the product and the behavioral and histological changes observed in fish of the Pacamã species through acute and sublethal toxicity tests. The first experiment was carried out on Pacamã fingerlings exposed to dosages of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8mg/L of Mancozeb under the form ManzateWG®, for a total period of 96 hours in the acute experiment, and in the second experiment, fish were subjected to concentrations of 1/10 of those used in the acute experiment (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8mg/L, respectively), for 15 days in total. The 50% lethal concentration of ManzateWG® was calculated at the end of the acute experiment, presenting a value of 2.29mg/L at 96h for Pacamã fingerlings. A behavioral assessment was carried out through daily observation of the fish during both experiments, and an increase in mucus production was observed, as well as atypical social behavior in those exposed to the toxic agent. Histopathological evaluation was performed on livers collected after the end of the sublethal experiment, and the main hepatic alterations observed were cytoplasmic vacuolization, inflammatory infiltrate, and necrosis. Mancozeb has toxic potential and is capable of generating behavioral changes, as well as increasing the risk of liver damage in Pacamãs exposed to this compound.

Elección de pareja: Implicaciones y complicaciones / Mate Choice: Implications and Complications

Resumen La soledad individualista humana impele a vivir en pareja y a alcanzar complementariedad hombre/mujer, afecto y reci procidad. El periodismo científico de este artículo parafrasea el contenido de su bibliografía al revisar la elección de pareja, su satisfacción y complicaciones e instrucción preventiva de circunstancias que ocasionan ruptura. La falla -desde la elección-, desconoce los mecanismos entre razón e instinto sexual. El problema del amor no es ser amado sino desarrollar tal capacidad, pues lo extingue la inadaptación y monotonía. Se describe el acto elector/elegido y sus razones simultáneas: conscientes (homogeneidad/heterogeneidad del encuentro; emulación del modelo animal; tipo, dinámica vincular y redes sociales; aspectos sociodemográficos; ubicación geográfica y accesibilidad; compartición sexual y expectativas inmediatas/ futuras), e inconscientes (problemática electora, interacción diádica y antecedentes parentales; mecanismos de defensa, intercambio de disociaciones; idealización; reciprocidad negativa, lucha de poder, identificación proyectiva, búsqueda de aprecio por el otro; narcisismo, falso sí mismo, mecanis mos de dilación/evasión de responsabilidad, inseguridad, intrusión y colusión). Una pareja saludable, entiende/atiende la creación y mantenimiento del "nosotros", elimina la lucha de poder y produce conciliación permanente. El acuerdo y comprensión tolerante son indispensables para una relación emocional satisfactoria, estable y duradera.

Abstract Human individualistic loneliness impels us to live as a couple and achieve complementarity between man and woman, af fection, and reciprocity. The science journalism of this article reviews the choice of partner, their satisfaction and complications, and preventive instruction of circumstances that cause rupture. The failure from the election ignores the mechanisms between reason and sexual instinct. The problem of love is not to be loved but to develop such a capacity, for it is extinguished by maladjustment and monotony. The voting/elected act and its simultaneous reasons are described: Conscious (homogeneity/heterogeneity of the encounter; emulation of the animal model; type, dynamic link and social networks; Sociodemographic aspects; sexual sharing and immediate/future expectations). Unconscious (electoral problems, dyadic interaction, and parental background; defense mechanisms, exchange of dissociations; idealization; negative reciprocity, power struggle, projective identification, search for appreciation for the other; narcissism, false self, mecha nisms of procrastination/evasion of responsibility, insecurity, intrusion, and collusion). A healthy couple, understands/at tends to the creation and maintenance of the "we", eliminates the power struggle and produces permanent conciliation. Tolerant agreement and understanding are indispensable for a satisfying, stable, and lasting emotional relationship.

Reacciones al estrés y aspectos psicoterapéuticos / Reactions to Stress and Psychotherapeutic Aspects

Resumen El periodismo científico de este artículo versa sobre una excepción habitual en el ambiente especializado, acerca de diversos trastornos mentales (TM) asociados al estrés y su comorbilidad, inadecuado enfrentamiento por el paciente/familia, su condición genético-epigenética y el deficiente manejo brindado de algunos profesionales de la salud. El desdén del manejo psicoterapéutico (prejuicio-impreparación) dificulta la atención adecuada de los casos. Se insta a desarrollar apego maternofilial apropiado, medidas para el logro de la salud mental social y programas asistenciales para atender los casos.

Abstract The scientific journalism of this article deals with a common exception in the specialized environment about various mental disorders associated with stress and its comorbidity, inadequate confrontation by the patient/family, its genetic-epigenetic condition and the deficient management provided by some health professionals. The disdain of psychotherapeutic management (prejudice- lack of preparation) hinders the adequate attention of cases. It is of the utmost importance to develop proper maternal and filial attachment, adequate measures for the achievement of social mental health and assistance programs to attend the cases.

Prediction of genetic gains by selection indices using mixed models in elephant grass for energy purposes.

Genetically improved cultivars of elephant grass need to be adapted to different ecosystems with a faster growth speed and lower seasonality of biomass production over the year. This study aimed to use selection indices using mixed models (REML/BLUP) for selecting families and progenies within full-sib families of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) for biomass production. One hundred and twenty full-sib progenies were assessed from 2014 to 2015 in a randomized block design with three replications. During this period, the traits dry matter production, the number of tillers, plant height, stem diameter, and neutral detergent fiber were assessed. Families 3 and 1 were the best classified, being the most indicated for selection effect. Progenies 40, 45, 46, and 49 got the first positions in the three indices assessed in the first cut. The gain for individual 40 was 161.76% using Mulamba and Mock index. The use of selection indices using mixed models is advantageous in elephant grass since they provide high gains with the selection, which are distributed among all the assessed traits in the most appropriate situation to breeding programs.

Selecting elephant grass families and progenies to produce bioenergy through mixed models (REML/BLUP).

Brazil has great potential to produce bioenergy since it is located in a tropical region that receives high incidence of solar energy and presents favorable climatic conditions for such purpose. However, the use of bioenergy in the country is below its productivity potential. The aim of the current study was to select full-sib progenies and families of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum S.) to optimize phenotypes relevant to bioenergy production through mixed models (REML/BLUP). The circulating diallel-based crossing of ten elephant grass genotypes was performed. An experimental design using the randomized block methodology, with three repetitions, was set to assess both the hybrids and the parents. Each plot comprised 14-m rows, 1.40 m spacing between rows, and 1.40 m spacing between plants. The number of tillers, plant height, culm diameter, fresh biomass production, dry biomass rate, and the dry biomass production were assessed. Genetic-statistical analyses were performed through mixed models (REML/BLUP). The genetic variance in the assessed families was explained through additive genetic effects and dominance genetic effects; the dominance variance was prevalent. Families such as Capim Cana D'África x Guaçu/I.Z.2, Cameroon x Cuba-115, CPAC x Cuba-115, Cameroon x Guaçu/I.Z.2, and IAC-Campinas x CPAC showed the highest dry biomass production. The family derived from the crossing between Cana D'África and Guaçu/I.Z.2 showed the largest number of potential individuals for traits such as plant height, culm diameter, fresh biomass production, dry biomass production, and dry biomass rate. The individual 5 in the family Cana D'África x Guaçu/I.Z.2, planted in blocks 1 and 2, showed the highest dry biomass production.

Efficacy of fish embryo vitrification protocols in terms of embryo morphology - a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Embryo cryopreservation has been used for the creation of genetic banks with diploid resources, and among different techniques, vitrification is considered as the most promising method. OBJECTIVE: The goal is to evaluate the major aspects of the existing vitrification techniques and to evaluate their efficacy in terms of embryo morphology. METHODS: Electronic searches in the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were performed with the keyword combination: fish, embryo and vitrification. Pubmed retrieved 26 articles and Science Direct resulted in 464 articles. For this review, only studies that developed and tested vitrification protocols in fish embryos were included. Research regarding cryoprotectant toxicity and permeability were excluded. There were no restrictions on publication date or language. With these criteria, a total of ten articles were evaluated. RESULTS: In these articles, the major aspects to be considered for the development of new vitrification protocols are: the cryoprotectants' toxicity, the embryos' development stage, the exposure to and the permeability of the cryoprotectants, vitrification devices and vitrification-warning cycle. CONCLUSION: The survival were limited, however, the preservation of embryonic morphology after thawing indicates the possibility of preserving fish embryos via the vitrification technique.

Las adicciones en México: una visión terapéutica de sus mitos y metas / Addictions in Mexico: a therapeutic view of their myths and goals

Resumen Las adicciones producen cuadros clínicos diversos causantes de graves complicaciones de salud, legales y socioeconómicas. No obstante, muchas permanecen sin diagnosticar. La pobre respuesta terapéutica mundial deriva de la naturaleza heterogénea del problema, gravedad, comorbilidad, motivación, duración del tratamiento, estados emocionales afectivos, rasgos de personalidad, habilidades para la adaptación, impulsividad, etc. La oferta comunitaria de servicios debe considerar la historia natural del trastorno, estrategias de sensibilización e información y de detección oportuna, así como los sistemas interpersonales que los involucran. El marco humanista que la aloja ayuda a los pacientes a entender y manejar su enfermedad, propiciando la posibilidad de transformar a la persona-objeto, en persona-sujeto, vía control de su cuadro y mejoría de su autoestima y seguridad. Esta propuesta ofrece una visión científica; unificación del lenguaje; de los propósitos y metas diagnósticas, y la génesis del entendimiento y superación de las resistencias de los protagonistas, cuyo referente fomenta la realización institucional de la tarea; mejores y más específicos procedimientos que benefician el amplio espectro del manejo de casos, donde las modalidades psicoterapéuticas complementan el manejo farmacológico y favorecen la prevención de recaídas y la abstinencia productiva. Las instituciones deben asumir marcos jurídicos operacionales que supervisen al personal, desde su formación hasta la función laboral específica, y el cumplimiento de las disposiciones inherentes a sus acciones. Se requiere un programa nacional de tratamiento integral de las adicciones cuyo apego a cánones éticos respalde la profesionalización y produzca una experiencia digna y benéfica para todos los involucrados.

Abstract Addictions produce different clinical manifestations, causing serious health, legal and socio-economic complications. However, many remain undiagnosed. The poor global therapeutic response is derived from the heterogeneous nature of the problem; in addition to its severity, comorbidity, motivation, treatment duration, affective-emotional states, personality traits, adaptation skills, impulsiveness, etc. Community supply of services must consider the natural history of the disorder, information, awareness, and early detection strategies, as well as the interpersonal systems involved. The humanist framework that hosts it helps patients understand and manage their disease, making more likely the transformation of the person-object into a person-subject, through the control of the symptoms and improving selfesteem and security. This proposal offers a scientific view, unification of language and diagnostic purposes and goals, and the genesis of understanding and overcoming the resistance of the protagonists, fostering the institutional accomplishment of the task; better and more specific procedures that benefit the broad spectrum of case management, where psychotherapeutic modalities complement the pharmacological management and promote relapse prevention and productive abstinence. The institutions must assume operational frameworks to monitor staff, from their training to the specific job function, and the fulfillment of the responsibilities inherent to their actions. A National Program for the Integral Treatment of Addictions is required, which attachment to ethical norms supports professionalization and produces a worthy experience and beneficial for all those involved.

Total pancreatectomy: porcine model for inducing diabetes - anatomical assessment and surgical aspects.

BACKGROUND: The swine is an essential model for carrying out preclinical research and for teaching complex surgical procedures. There is a lack of experimental models describing anatomical and surgical aspects of total pancreatectomy in the pig. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiments were performed on 10 white male swine weighing 27-33 kg. The animals were premedicated with midazolam (0.4 mg/kg, i.m.) and ketamine (4 mg/kg, i.m.). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (1-2 mg/kg, i.v.) and was maintained with propofol and fentanyl (0.3 mg and 0.1 µg/kg/min, respectively, i.v.). The surgical period ranged from 44 to 77 min. The pancreas anatomy, and the main arterial, venous and pancreatic duct anatomy were assessed. RESULTS: The pancreas anatomy was composed of 3 lobes, the 'splenic', 'duodenal' and 'connecting' lobe which is attached to the anterior portion of the portal vein. The splenic artery and the junction of the splenic vein and portal vein were divided. The left gastric artery was dissected and separated from its origin at the splenic artery. The head of the pancreas is disposed in a C shape. The pancreas was dissected and liberated from the right portion of the portal vein and the infrahepatic vena cava. The pancreas was separated from the duodenum preserving the pancreaticoduodenal artery, then we performed the total pancreatectomy preserving the duodenum, common bile duct and spleen. CONCLUSION: Total pancreatectomy with duodenum, bile duct and spleen preservation in the pig is feasible and an important instrument for research purposes and teaching surgical technique.

Los 'diputados médicos': clínica y política en la disputa por los recursos públicos en Buenos Aires (1906-1917) / The 'Medical deputes': clinics and politics in the dispute for public resources in Buenos Aires (1906-1917)

En junio 1906 el diputado conservador y médico Eliseo Cantón presentó en el Parlamento argentino el proyecto de 'un gran hospital policlínico', que ocuparía cuaro manzanas, se ubicaría frente a la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires y estaría integrado por 20 institutos con capacidad de 80 camas cada uno. La disputa alrededor de este proyecto faraónico, que se extendió hasta 1917, puso en el centro de la escena a un grupo de 'diputados médicos' que utilizaron la tribuna política como espacio para la definición de aspectos centrales del dispositivo hospitalario. La polémica desbordó el Parlamento y alcazó la esfera pública. La fastuosidad del proyecto en víperas de los festejos del Centenario o la opulencia de una Buenos Aires que aspirada a ser París fueron asociadas en el plano simbólico a los progresos de la medicina local y a sus aspiraciones a un lugar en la arena médica internacional. El caso analizado ayuda a comprender las modalidades en que una controversia esencialmente política, que desplegó agumentos tanto económicos, como éticos y cognitivos, intervino en el proceso de construcción del lugar socio-profissional de la práctica médica hospitalaria. [AU]

Liquid embolisation material reduces the delivered radiation dose: a physical experiment.

OBJECTIVE: To test a new hypothesis that the glue/contrast admixture used for embolisation reduces the dose delivered to AVMs using an experimental model. METHOD: A model was created using a block of "solid water" (6 x 5 x 2 cm) with twelve wells of different depths. Different concentrations of the glue admixture (Enbucrilate + Lipiodol) were used. The model was irradiated using a 5MV beam with a clinical LINAC system and the dose was checked upstream and downstream. Dose was measured using Kodak XV film, a Vidar 16 bit film scanner and software for therapeutic film dosimetry measurements (RIT software). RESULTS: The radiation dose varied with the distance beyond the glue solid water interface. For distances of 0, 2 and 5 mm to the film, the mean reduction was 13.65% (SD = 2.94), 6.87% (SD = 1.95) and 1.75% (SD = 1.14), respectively. There was also correlation with the Lipiodol concentration in the mixture. The maximum reductions for 80, 50 and 20% Lipiodol concentrations were 16.1% (SD = 1.32), 14.85% (SD = 0.98) and 10% (SD = 1.21), respectively. There was no correlation between the glue depth and the dose delivered. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis that the glue mixture used for embolisation reduces the radiation dose delivered was experimentally confirmed with this study.

[Psychosexual development and sexual education]. / Desarrollo psicosexual y educación sexual.

The bio-environmental influence on the sexual development and ripeness includes to the morality as the essential element of the behavioral expression. There are few studies directed to the interface between the healthy sexual development and the early intervention destined for the child-youth sexual risky behaviors. A suitable development sociomoral waits that every individual genuine participant and healthily in his sexuality to share it with another human being, without moving away from his expression. Some behavioral differences between the genders are described; goals of development; importance of assigning sexual education to the child-youth population, its vectors and preventive recommendations in domestic and/or school ambiences, directed to the personnel of health, as the avoidance of not wished pregnancy, the prevention of STD and other behaviors of risk. It is invited to the revaluation of the welfare services; supervision of programs, familiar participation; increase of the education in means of information, with personal and social responsibility. Such a consolidation requires from the health personnel the fulfillment of the educational-preventive recommendations of the professional performance to the advantage of a responsible practice.

[Sex education: a retrospective review]. / Revisión de tema. Educación sexual: una mirada retrospectiva.

A monographic revision of international literature regarding education form sexual health is presented, through a historical, programmatic, educational, and clinical point of view of various contents and methods registered in the specialized literature of the 20th. century. The knowledge of the status regarding the subject is focused to favor the presented planning and performance of public sexual education. Some of the socio-sexual problems derives from the establishment of "neo-sexuality", and the educational work done in the child and younger populations are exposed, in order to invigorate preventive actions, preparation form sexual initiation, and if it is the case, the treatment of pathology in that stage of life. Finally, the main characteristics of adult sexuality are mentioned in favor of the equity of all recipient population, within the recommendations of the WHO, regarding to healthy sexuality and mental health.

[Psycho-organic comorbidity of climacteric: acknowledgement of denial]. / Comorbilidad psicoorgánica del climaterio: el reconocimiento de la negación.

Considering psychiatric co-morbidity of menopause within the context of a new historical and psychosocial view of woman and femininity, the recommendations of current scientific literature focused to its attention, treatment and prevention, become different from the traditional sociomedical observations. In order to reach a new more effective assistance, prevailing prejudices must be overcame to achieve an adequate updating before being really effective. That is, to be suitable to the psychosocial needs of those who suffer a physiological condition. The change in the social role of women (which requires a genuine community acceptance) is not consolidated to new favorable attitudes which is required in the general thinking in our country, in order to offer better therapeutic alternatives to women's problems and its complications. Such situation is reflected even the medical and psychological handling of cases, where women are the main protagonists. This paper offers a brief discussion of this issue and some recommendations for diffusion purposes.

[Sex "addiction": compulsion and controversy]. / "Adicción" al sexo: compulsión y controversia.

Modern occidental society often distorts and, in some cases, ignores healthy concepts regarding sexuality. Besides, It not always considers this, to be mental health or to represent an expression of whole health. Such ambivalence towards sex and the sexual is located between the limits of the sacred and erotic, both associated to taboos and their transgression. Since the last century, the current "neosexual" revolution intents to dismantle old patterns in favor of the dissociation of human sexual sphere, the dispersion of sexual fragments towards individualism and intimate relationships diversification. Within such context, "addiction" to sex and the sexual, as a compulsive conduct, represents on one side a clinical reality each time better observed and diagnosed, where the importance of family history is recognized, as well as individual psychopathology, and marital life, in its etiology and also for its treatment and prevention. On the other hand, it has not been classified in the mental health catalogues as it is not considered, meanwhile, as the problem is been maintained, the co-morbidity and its consequences multiply, and the controversy continues.

Craving, adicción etílica y terapéutica / Craving, etilic addiction and therapy

El craving se describe como anhelo intenso y continuo de volver a consumir psicotrópicos durante su privación, junto con la conducta compulsiva de búsqueda y a menudo un nuevo abuso, que unido a los elementos psicosociales (expectativas acerca del consumo, motivación etc.), produce cuadros clínicos floridos. Se revisan los mecanismos neuroquímicos asociados a dicho anhelo y se hace referencia a una lista de fármacos neuroespecíficos conocidos que parecen funcionar al bloquear el anhelo, a pesar de que algunos de ellos no están disponibles en la terapéutica nacional. Se concluye que para el abordaje del anhelo y de la patología adictiva la educación, calidad de la asistencia y seguridad brindadas, el desarrollo clínico y la investigación terapéutica son fundamentales, así como la educación de la terapéutica a los requerimientos de cada paciente, y el desarrollo de programas integrales que incluyan la promoción de motivación terapéutica a lo largo de la rehabilitación.

Effect of antiretroviral therapy on HIV shedding in semen.

BACKGROUND: The effect of antiretroviral therapy on seminal HIV shedding in the community remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of antiretroviral therapy on HIV shedding in semen. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: University hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PATIENTS: 93 HIV-infected men. INTERVENTION: Antiretroviral therapy as prescribed by each patient's physician. MEASUREMENT: HIV RNA in semen and blood plasma before and after introduction of therapy. RESULTS: At baseline, HIV RNA was detected in 69 semen samples (74%) and 89 blood samples (96%). Six months after introduction of therapy, HIV RNA was detected in 29 semen samples (33%) and 33 blood samples (38%). The mean reduction in levels of HIV RNA in semen at 6 months was 1.65 log10 units. CONCLUSIONS: Antiretroviral therapy reduces shedding of HIV in semen, which probably in tum reduces HIV transmissibility. However, a substantial proportion of patients may still be infectious and may have drug-resistant strains of the virus.

[Paradoxical expansive lesions of cerebral tuberculosis during antitubercular drug therapy]. / Expansão paradoxal de lesões de tuberculose cerebral durante o uso de tuberculostáticos.

Central nervous system involvement by tuberculosis presents two main types: tuberculosis meningitis or tuberculoma. This second condition has nowadays ideal conditions for development. We report three patients who developed paradoxical brain tuberculosis expansive lesion during the use of tuberculostatic drugs. The cases point out the importance of tomography follow up of patients who present neurological signs in the course of treatment for tuberculosis. The first two patients presented onset of the a neurological symptoms, associated with lung tuberculosis. The third patient previously had tuberculous meningitis. Computerized tomography was used to follow up these patients. Tuberculostatic and corticoid drugs were used for treatment.

[Transient ischemic attacks in a patient with superior vena cava obstruction: case report]. / Ataques isquêmicos transitórios em paciente com síndrome da veia cava superior. Relato de caso.

The superior vena cava obstruction is a relatively rare condition. We report the case of a 42 year old man suffering of hypertension for about fifteen years. He reported a cervical and thoracic pain for one year, that was related to a 95% of occlusion on the right coronary artery. An angioplasty has been done but the patient still related the thoracic pain. Afterwards the patient had recurrent episodes of right hemiplegia and hypertensive emergencies that have been treated with anti-hypertensive agents. A venous disease was suspected because of cyanosis in the face especially when episodes of transient ischemic attacks occurred. A venography showed obstruction of the right jugular vein near the junction with the superior vena cava. In conclusion, it was not possible to define with certainty the relationship between the two pathologies presented by the patient, even so, we call attention to the improvement of the neurological symptoms after the control of superior vena cava obstruction with the treatment.

Farmacoterapia de los síndromes de intoxicación y abstinencia por psicotrópicos 1997 / Pharmacotherapy of intoxication and abstinence syndromes for psychotropics 1997

El documento proporciona información actualizada para el manejo de los casos de abuso de drogas que deben ser auxiliados en sus fases críticas. Asimismo, se tiene en cuenta los avances recientes en la literatura internacional sobre el tema y los lineamientos de la Ley General de Salud. El contenido se divide en cinco partes: 1) describe los aspectos generales relativos al manejo médico de los distintos estados de intoxicación y abstinencia, independientemente del fármaco responsable del cuadro clínico; 2) describe los síndromes de intoxicación y abstinencia por psicotrópicos e incluye consideraciones relativas a la etiopatogenia, diagnóstico nosológico y esquemas terapéuticos correspondientes; 3) contiene información sobre problemas especiales asociados al consumo de psicotrópicos: embarazo y el período neonatal inmediato; SIDA; 4) incorporan dos glosarios; 5) se hace una descripción de la intervención psicológica de primer nivel en situaciones de crisis, como aquéllas que se presentan inmediatamente después de la intoxicación aguda por sustancias