Cranial anatomical structures with high sexual dimorphism in metric and morphological evaluation: A systematic review.

The mastoid process has attracted the attention of several researchers due to its protected position at the base of the skull and the fact that it is relatively compact, in addition to being highly resistant and dimorphic, considered as a gold standard anatomical structure in the determination of the sexual dimorphism of skulls. However, intrinsic and extrinsic factors may influence this anatomical structure over time, providing contradictory and ambiguous data. Therefore, other anatomical structures need to be evaluated concurrently with the mastoid process to provide better accuracy and reliability of skull sexual dimorphism data. Thus, the objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the degree of reliability of the mastoid process to determine sexual dimorphism compared to other dimorphic structures, since there are still no systematic reviews on the subject in the literature. This review follows the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and was recorded in the Prospective International Systematic Reviews Registry (PROSPERO) (CRD 42023395167 Systematic Registry) (CRD420223). The inclusion criteria for selecting the studies were based on the PICO question: "Are skull anatomical structures reliable as alternatives to determine sexual dimorphism compared to the mastoid process?". A literature search for studies was performed in the MEDLINE Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, and Cochrane Library databases. The Kappa agreement presented an approval level of (k = 0.93). This systematic review analyzed 13 ex-vivo studies published between 2008 and 2023. The risk of bias was considered low in 12 of the studies, and high in 1 study. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that even with the limitations of this systematic review, quantitative and qualitative analyses are essential in sexual identification of human skulls, and different anatomical structures can be used as references in addition to the mastoid process, with high reliability and precision, among them the; glabella, frontal profile, superciliary arch, bizygomatic width, maximum cranial length, and nasal height.

A systematic review of photogrammetry as a reliable methodology in gender identification of human skull.

One of the most important parameters in the identification process in forensic Medicine and Dentistry is the determination of sex through the skull, based on morphological and metric dimorphism. Photogrammetry is an affordable option that allows the reconstruction of position, orientation, shape, and size, allowing the performance of quantitative and qualitative analyzes to identify the sex of the individual. However, there are few systematic reviews in the literature validating whether photogrammetry is a reliable methodology for sexual identification using human skulls. Therefore, the objective of the current systematic review was to validate whether photogrammetry of dry skulls is reliable as a method for calculating sex in human identification. This revision follows the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and was recorded in the Prospective International Systematic Reviews Registry (PROSPERO) (CRD420223 Systematic Registry) (CRD420223). The inclusion criteria for selecting the studies were based on the PICO question: "Is test photogrammetry reliable as a method for estimating sex in human identification?". A literature search for studies was performed in the databases MEDLINE Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, and the Cochrane Library. The Kappa agreement presented an approval level of (k = 0.93). This systematic review analyzed 11 ex-vivo studies published between 2001 and 2021. The risk of bias was considered low in 8 of the studies, and high in 3 studies. Based on this systematic review, it can be concluded that the photogrammetry method is viable and reliable in identifying sexual dimorphism.

Prevalência de absenteísmo odontológico em funcionários públicos de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo / Prevalence of dental absenteeism in public employees of a city in São Paulo state, Brazil

Contexto: O estudo do absenteísmo através dos atestados odontológicos se faz necessário para promover a redução de sua ocorrência, contribuindo com a produtividade e reduzindo os custos na administração pública/privada. Objetivos: Avaliar as características do absenteísmo odontológico e as suas causas, por meio da CID-10 presente nas atestações de funcionários públicos municipais do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo observacional secccional, realizado no município de Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo (SP), utilizando os prontuários funcionais dos servidores, no período de 2001 a 2012. Foram incluídos 343 prontuários, selecionados de forma randomizada. Quantificaram-se as causas de afastamentos odontológicos utilizando-se a CID-10. Os testes Mann-Whitney e Correlação de Spearman foram aplicados (p<0,05). Resultados: Foram identificados 337 afastamentos por motivos odontológicos, sendo que 75,3% eram pertencentes ao gênero feminino (p=0,015), o tempo no serviço foi de 83,29 meses de trabalho (r=0,16; p=0,003), 44,6% pertencentes a trabalhadores com nível superior de escolaridade (r=0,10; p=0,077) e faixa salarial de 1 a 3 salários mínimos (61,5%) (r=0,01; p=0,83). Identificou-se taxa de absenteísmo de 26,7%, sendo 43,62% não codificados, 11,28% doenças da polpa e dos tecidos periapicais, 9,79% dentes inclusos e impactados, 9,49% gengivite e doenças periodontais e 8,30% cárie dentária. Conclusões: A alta taxa de absenteísmo observada evidenciou a necessidade de adoção de políticas de promoção e prevenção à saúde do trabalhador, reforçando a importância da Odontologia como fonte reguladora das questões relacionadas ao absenteísmo.

Background: The study of absenteeism through dental attestations is necessary to promote the reduction of its occurrence, contributing to productivity and reducing costs in the public/private management. Objectives: To evaluate the characteristics of dental absenteeism and its causes through the ICD-10 present in the claims of municipal government workers in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Seccional observational study, conducted in the city of Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, Brazil, using functional records of the servers, in the period of 2001-2012. Three hundred and forty-three records, randomly selected, were included. The causes of dental clearances were quantified using ICD-10. Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation were used (p<0.05). Results: There were identified 337 absences by dental reasons, with 75.3% belonged to the female gender (p=0.015), time in service was 83.29 months of work (r=0.16; p=0.003), 44.6% belonging to workers with higher education levels (r=0.10; p=0.077) and salary range of 1-3 minimum salaries (61.5%) (r=0.01; p=0.83). It was identified absenteeism rate of 26.7%, with 43.62% uncoded, 11.28% diseases of pulp and periapical tissues, 9.79% impacted and included teeth, 9.49% gingivitis and periodontal diseases and 8.30% dental caries. Conclusions: The high rate of absenteeism observed highlighted the need of adopting policies for the promotion and prevention on occupational health, reinforcing the importance of the Dentistry as a source of regulatory issues related to absenteeism.

Avaliação das condições de saúde bucal de trabalhadores da região sudeste do Brasil / Workers oral health conditions evaluation in southeastern Brazil

A prevenção, promoção e recuperação da saúde do trabalhador são ações garantidas pela Lei Orgânica da Saúde (Lei 8080/90). O contato quase que permanente da cavidade bucal com o meio externo torna-a extremamente vulnerável sendo fundamental a presença do cirurgião-dentista na equipe de saúde do trabalhador. A Odontologia do Trabalho tem seu foco de atuação nos processos técnico-administrativos, buscando intervir no processo de produção garantindo melhores condições de trabalho e saúde aos trabalhadores. Este trabalho realizou um levantamento epidemiológico das condições de saúde bucal do trabalhador em diferentes municípios, expandindo os achados para a realidade brasileira permitindo relacioná-los ao absenteísmo e a queda de produtividade. Para tanto foram selecionados trabalhadores de diversos setores de produção em 13 indústrias diferentes. Foi realizado exame bucal dos trabalhadores nas dependências da empresa para avaliar lesões cariosas (CPOD), doença periodontal (IPC) e uso ou necessidade de próteses. A análise estatística utilizada foi ANOVA a um critério, correlação Spearman, teste T e Qui Quadrado (p<0,05). Encontrou um CPOD médio de 13,13. Em relação a doença periodonta, 46,75% apresentaram sangramento,69% apresentaram calculo e 25,57% apresentaram bolsa periodontal. O uso de prótese estava presente 23,85% e a necessidade em 48,02% dos trabalhadores brasileiros. Conclui-se que a condição de saúde bucal dos trabalhadores ainda encontra-se precária, dentre os diversos setores de produção encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significante para CPOD, IPC e uso e necessidade de prótese, evidenciando a influência do nível socioeconômico e as condições de trabalho como fatores indispensáveis para a melhora do quadro epidemiológico encontrado.

Prevention, promotion and restoration of health worker's actions are guaranteed by the Organic Health Law (Law 8080/90). The oral cavity is extremely vulnerable due its almost permanent contact with the external environment, being the presence of a dentist at the worker health a fundamental occurence. The Occupational Dentistry has its focus on technical and administrative processes, seeking to intervene in the production process ensuring better working conditions and healthy workers. This work conducted an epidemiological survey of the workers oral health status in different counties, expanding the findings to the Brazilians reality, what makes possible to relate them to the production sector and socioeconomic status. For this achievement, workers were selected from various sectors of production in 13 different industries. Workers oral examination was conducted to assess caries (DMFT), periodontal disease (CPI) and the use or need for prostheses. Also, the individuals answered a socioeconomic questionnaire. Statistical analysis ANOVA was used , Spearman correlation, t test and chi square test (p <0.05) were also applied to the research. It could be found a mean DMFT of 13.13. Regarding periodontal disease, 46.75% had bleeding, 69% had calculus and 25.57% had periodontal pockets. The use of prosthesis was 23.85% and 48.02% in need of use. We conclude that the oral health status of workers is still precarious. Statistically significant diferences among the various sectors of production was found for DMFT, CPI and use and/or need of prosthesis, showing the influence of socioeconomic status and work conditions as indispensable factors for the improvement of the epidemiological found.