Lipid Profile in Indian Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The Scope for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction.

OBJECTIVE: Reduction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in patients with diabetes requires proper management of lipid parameters. This study aimed to find the pattern of dyslipidemia and scope of ASCVD risk reduction in patients with diabetes by lipid management. METHODS: Clinical, biochemical, and medication profiles of all patients with diabetes attending a tertiary diabetes care hospital over a 2-year period were collected. The prevalence of various lipid abnormalities was determined after excluding patients with thyroid dysfunction and those on lipid-lowering medications. Patients were stratified according to LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, and other clinical parameters were compared among the groups. The adequacy of statin treatment was assessed based on American Diabetes Association guidelines. RESULTS: Nine hundred and seventy-one patients were included. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia was 40.0%, of whom 14.6% were newly diagnosed. The most common lipid abnormality was elevated LDL cholesterol. Higher A1C and fasting blood glucose values were found to be associated with higher LDL cholesterol levels. Twenty-seven percent of patients with indications for treatment with statins were receiving them. Of those being treated with statins, 42.6% had an LDL cholesterol level ≥100 mg/dL. CONCLUSION: In South Indian patients with type 2 diabetes and fair glycemic control, high LDL cholesterol is the predominant lipid abnormality. There remains a huge potential for ASCVD risk reduction in this population if the knowledge practice gap is addressed.

Long-acting porcine ACTH stimulated salivary cortisol in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: Synacthen stimulated salivary cortisol has been previously evaluated and found beneficial in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency (AI), especially in situations with altered cortisol-binding protein (CBG) levels. Unfortunately, Synacthen is not marketed in many parts of the world whereas porcine sequence corticotrophin (Acton Prolongatum) is readily available. This study aimed to find the diagnostic accuracy of Acton prolongatum stimulated salivary cortisol test (APSST) compared to the short synacthen test (SST). METHODS: Consecutive outpatients with suspected AI underwent SST initially, followed by APSST after 3 days. For APSST, saliva was collected at 0, 60 and 120 minutes after administering 30 units Acton Prolongatum intramuscularly. Serum and salivary cortisol were estimated using electrochemiluminescence assay. (Cobas e 411, Elecsys Cortisol II kits) RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients with clinically suspected AI were enrolled for the study. Based on SST, 35 patients were classified as having AI [primary AI (n=19) and secondary AI (n=16)] whereas 32 had normal glucocorticoid reserve. The area under receiver operator curve of 0.99 and 0.98 was observed for salivary cortisol values at 60 and 120 minutes, respectively, for APSST. A cut-off value of 18.5 nmol/L (0.67 µg/dL) and 29.3 nmol/L (1.06 µg/dL) at 60 and 120 minutes, respectively, had a sensitivity as well as specificity of 93%-100% in diagnosing AI. CONCLUSION: Salivary cortisol estimation following stimulation using intramuscular porcine ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone) (30 units) is an economical and accurate alternative to SST in the diagnosis of AI, m and its level of 30 nmol/L or more at 2 hours confirms adrenal sufficiency.

Late-Night Salivary Cortisol in Healthy, Community-Dwelling Asian Indians Assessed by Second-Generation ECLIA.

BACKGROUND: Late-night salivary cortisol (LNSC) is used as a screening test for Cushing syndrome (CS), but there is no community-derived normative data for the normal upper limit in the South Asian population. This study aimed to determine the upper limit of normal (97.5th percentile) for LNSC in an Asian Indian population using a commercially available second-generation electrochemiluminiscence immunoassay (ECLIA). METHODS: LNSC in apparently healthy community-dwelling individuals was assessed by multistage cluster sampling. Healthy individuals age 18 to 60 years from 8 urban and 8 rural clusters of Thiruvananthapuram district were studied. Thirty people from an approximate population of 1000 individuals from each cluster participated in the study. A saliva sample was collected between 11 PM and 12 midnight and analyzed using Roche COBAS-e-411 and ultrasensitive Cortisol II kits the next day. RESULTS: Cortisol values from 474 salivary samples were available for final analysis after exclusion of improperly collected samples. The 97.5th percentile of the LNSC concentrations was 0.25 µg/dL (6.89 nmol/L) (90% CI, 0.23-0.27 µg/dL; ie, 6.34-7.45 nmol/L). In postmenopausal women, median LNSC was significantly higher but the 90% CI for the upper limit of their LNSC (0.28µg/dL or 7.72 nmol/L) overlapped with that of premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: This study establishes the normal value of LNSC estimated by second-generation ECLIA in healthy community-dwelling Asian Indian individuals for the first time. Salivary cortisol at 11 pm to 12 am is less than 0.25µg/dL (6.89 nmol/L) in the general Asian Indian population. Menopause causes a significant increase in LNSC and may lead to overdiagnosis of CS if not interpreted carefully.