Effect of collaborative care intervention on productivity losses among people with comorbid common mental disorders and cardiovascular disease in rural Karnataka.

Introduction: Common mental disorders (CMD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), common health problems among patients seeking primary healthcare, contribute to high economic productivity losses. Collaborative care programs for CMDs and CVDs have shown improvement in clinical outcomes for both conditions; however, data on productivity outcomes are scarce. Objective: Effect of integrated collaborative care on productivity among people with comorbid CMD and CVD in rural Karnataka primary health clinics. Methods: Participants were recruited within a randomized trial in rural South India, where patients received either collaborative or enhanced standard care. In this substudy, 303 participants were followed for 3 months and assessed with the iMTA Productivity Cost Questionnaire (iPCQ). Results: We found a reduction in the proportion of individuals reporting productivity loss at 3 months (66%) compared to baseline (76%; P = 0.002). Productivity losses decreased from INR 30.3 per person per day at baseline to 17.7 at 3 months. Reductions were similar in the two treatment conditions. Conclusion: Medical intervention may foster reduced productivity losses among patients with CMD and CVD. Collaborative care did not translate into higher reductions in productivity losses than "enhanced standard care."

Feasibility of training primary healthcare workers to identify antenatal depression.

Identifying women with depressive symptoms is the first step to reducing the risk of the short-term and long-term consequences of antenatal depression. Task shifting by training primary healthcare workers may help to reduce the burden in low-resource settings. Twenty health workers in a primary healthcare center in urban Bengaluru were trained to screen and identify antenatal depression. The training had two components: knowledge-based, using the depression module in the Mental Health Gap Action Program; and skills-based hands-on training, using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Knowledge about antenatal depression in the health workers improved by three units after training (p < 0.001). Their perceived skills and self-efficacy also improved by one unit each (p = 0.032 and p = 0.036, respectively). Following the training, 25% of the pregnant women who underwent screening by health workers reported depressive symptoms, as compared to no positive screening before training. Training was found to improve the knowledge, perceived skills and self-efficacy of nurses, junior health assistants and Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), and was found to increase the screening rate of depression in an antenatal clinic in urban India. Incorporating screening for depressive symptoms into regular antenatal care is feasible in low-resource settings.

Correlates for the severity of suicidal risk in participants with common mental disorders with comorbid chronic medical conditions in rural primary healthcare settings in India.

Context: Suicide is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including India. There are limited studies assessing factors linked to the severity of suicidal risk in patients with depression and comorbid chronic medical disorders in primary healthcare (PHC) settings. Aim: This study examines factors linked to suicidal risk among participants in a cluster randomized controlled trial of collaborative care intervention (Healthier Options through Empowerment (HOPE Study)). Settings and Design: The setting was at 49 PHC in the rural Ramanagara District of Karnataka State in southern India. Study eligibility criteria included being ≥30 years with at least mild depression or generalized anxiety disorder and at least one medical condition (cardiovascular disorder or type 2 diabetes mellitus). Methods and Material: The severity of suicidal risk at baseline was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), and other measures included the severity of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9-items (PHQ-9)), the severity of anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7-items (GAD-7)), disability, social support, quality of life, number of comorbid chronic medical illnesses, and body mass index (BMI). Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square tests and independent-samples t-tests were used to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of the no-low and mod-high suicidal risk groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify correlates associated with the mod-high suicidal risk group. Results: Mod-high suicidal risk was significantly positively associated with the severity of depression and disability and significantly negatively associated with social support. Conclusion: The severity of depression, higher disability scores, and lower social support were found to be independent correlates of mod-high suicidal risk. Screening, managing depression, and facilitating social support for patients with chronic medical illness in PHC settings may reduce suicidal risk.

"My Family Was Also Happy": Couples' Qualitative Reports of a Combined Behavioral Economics and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention to Reduce Alcohol Use and Intimate Partner Violence.

Improving intimate partner violence interventions requires understanding pathways to change among couples participating in these interventions. This article presents qualitative data from 18 males and 16 females who participated in a combined behavioral economics (contingency management) and cognitive behavioral therapy alcohol and violence reduction intervention trial in Bengaluru, India. Results confirmed several theorized pathways of change, as well as identified further mechanisms through which the intervention supported the change. These included the emotional impacts of incentives, perceived and actual accountability via breathalyzers and family involvement, and enhanced support gained through counseling skills. Findings reveal critical insights into intervention design for future implementation.

Mobile Mental Health in Women's Community-Based Organizations: Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Of every 10 women in rural India, 1 suffers from a common mental disorder such as depression, and untreated depression is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Several factors lead to a large treatment gap, specifically for women in rural India, including stigma, lack of provider mental health workforce, and travel times. There is an urgent need to improve the rates of detection and treatment of depression among women in rural India without overburdening the scarce mental health resources. OBJECTIVE: We propose to develop, test, and deploy a mental health app, MITHRA (Multiuser Interactive Health Response Application), for depression screening and brief intervention, designed for use in women's self-help groups (SHGs) in rural India. METHODS: We will use focus groups with SHG members and community health workers to guide the initial development of the app, followed by iterative modification based on input from a participatory design group consisting of proposed end users of the app (SHG members). The final version of the app will then be deployed for testing in a pilot cluster randomized trial, with 3 SHGs randomized to receive the app and 3 to receive enhanced care as usual. RESULTS: This study was funded in June 2021. As of September 2022, we have completed both focus groups, 1 participatory design group, and app development. CONCLUSIONS: Delivering app-based depression screening and treatment in community settings such as SHGs can address stigma and transportation-related barriers to access to depression care and overcome cultural and contextual barriers to mobile health use. It can also address the mental health workforce shortage. If we find that the MITHRA approach is feasible, we will test the implementation and effectiveness of MITHRA in multiple SHGs across India in a larger randomized controlled trial. This approach of leveraging community-based organizations to improve the reach of depression screening and treatment is applicable in rural and underserved areas across the globe. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/42919.

The Influence of Transmission-Based and Moral-Based HIV Stigma Beliefs on Intentions to Discriminate Among Ward Staff in South Indian Health Care Settings.

HIV stigma is comprised of several beliefs, including transmission fears and moral judgments against affected communities. We examined the relationships among HIV-related stigma beliefs, endorsement of coercive measures for people living with HIV (PLWH), and intentions to discriminate. We sought to understand to what degree the different stigma beliefs shape support for restrictive policies and discriminatory intentions. Data were drawn from the baseline assessment of DriSti, a cluster randomized controlled trial of an HIV stigma reduction intervention in Indian healthcare settings (NCT02101697). Participants completed measures assessing transmission fears and moral judgments of HIV, endorsement of coercive measures against PLWH (public disclosure of HIV status, refusal of healthcare services, marriage and family restrictions, required testing, and sharing of HIV information in a clinic), and intentions to discriminate against PLWH in professional and personal settings. We utilized multivariate regression modeling with backward elimination to identify the coercive measures and behavioral intentions most strongly associated with moral judgments. 1540 ward staff members completed the assessment. Participants had relatively high perceptions of transmission fears (M = 1.92, SD = 0.79) and moral judgments (M = 1.69, SD = 0.83); endorsed more intentions to discriminate in professional (M = 6.54, SD = 2.28) than personal settings (M = 2.07, SD = 1.49), and endorsed approximately half of all coercive measures (M = 9.47, SD = 2.68). After controlling for transmission fears, perceptions of stronger moral judgments against PLWH were significantly associated with higher endorsement of coercive measures related to refusing services (ß = 0.10, t = 4.14, p < 0.001) and sharing patients' HIV status in clinics (ß = 0.07, t = 3.04, p = 0.002), as well as with stronger behavioral intentions to discriminate in professional settings (ß = 0.05, t = 2.20, p = 0.022). HIV stigma interventions for hospital-based ward staff in India need to focus on both transmission fears and moral judgments that underlie prejudicial beliefs. While the moral judgments are not technically related to risk in a hospital setting, our findings suggest that personnel will continue to discriminate in their professional work so long as these beliefs bear on their decisions and actions.

Medication Adherence among Primary Care Patients with Common Mental Disorders and Chronic Medical Conditions in Rural India.

Background: Only a few studies have explored the relationship between psychosocial factors and medication adherence in Indian patients with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). We aimed to examine the association of psychosocial variables with medication adherence in people with NCDs and comorbid common mental disorders (CMDs) from primary care in rural southern India. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis using baseline data from a randomized controlled trial in 49 primary care health centers in rural southern India (HOPE study). Participants were adults (≥30 years) with NCDs that included hypertension, diabetes, and/or ischemic heart disease, and comorbid depression or anxiety disorders. Medication adherence was assessed by asking participants if they had missed any prescribed NCD medication in the past month. Data were collected between May 2015 and November 2018. The association between psychosocial and demographic variables and medication nonadherence were assessed via logistic regression analyses. Results: Of the 2486 participants enrolled, almost one-fifth (18.06%) reported missing medication. Male sex (OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.37-2.22) and higher internalized mental illness stigma (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.07-2.00) were associated with higher odds of missing medication. Older age (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.26-0.60, for participants aged 64-75 years vs 30-44 years), reporting more social support (OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.49-0.86), and higher satisfaction with health (OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.61-0.89) were associated with lower odds of missing medication. Conclusions: Greater internalized mental illness stigma and less social support are significantly associated with lower rates of medication adherence in patients with NCDs and comorbid CMDs in rural India.

Elevated homocysteine and depression outcomes in patients with comorbid medical conditions in rural primary care.

We examined the association of elevated concentration of total homocysteine (tHcy) with the severity of depression in patients diagnosed with depression and comorbid chronic medical conditions in rural primary care settings in Karnataka. Participants were included from the control arm of a cluster-randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the effects of using a collaborative care model to integrate screening and treatment of primary health center patients. tHcy was assayed at baseline, and depression severity scores were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) 6 months later. There was no difference in the mean PHQ-9 score between those with (mean PHQ = 7.4) and without (mean PHQ = 7.6) elevated tHcy levels (P = 0.67).

Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of training health workers in detecting Priority Mental Health Conditions among adolescents in rural South India.

INTRODUCTION: Half of all mental disorders start during adolescence, before 14 years. In India, the current prevalence of mental disorders in 13-17 years age group was 7.3%. Many gaps persist in the mental healthcare delivery through the national mental health program, the low psychiatrist population ratio being one of them. Community health workers can play an essential role in providing mental healthcare in such resource-constrained settings. The World Health Organization mental health gap action program (WHO mhGAP) is a widely studied mental health tool that health workers can use to identify mental disorders. The study's aim was to test the preliminary efficacy of training healthcare workers (HCWs) in identifying mental health conditions among adolescents using modified WHO mhGAP modules. METHODS: The feasibility study was carried out in two Primary Health Centers (PHCs) in rural Bengaluru. Study had two components: (1) training of HCWs on adolescent mental health and (2) detection of selected priority mental health conditions among adolescents by trained HCWs. HCWs were trained in five adolescent mental health conditions using a training manual and modified WHO mhGAP modules that excluded emergency presentations and management sections. Pre- and post-training assessments were carried out. A sample of 272 adolescents attending PHCs were assessed for any mental health condition by HCWs using mhGAP modules. A sub-sample of adolescents and all adolescents identified by HCWs with a mental health condition was interviewed by the investigator to validate the diagnosis. Qualitative interviews were carried out with participating HCWs to understand the acceptability of the intervention, acceptability, and barriers to training in identifying mental health conditions among adolescents RESULTS: A total of 23 HCWs underwent training. There was a significant increase in the mental health knowledge scores of HCWs post-training compared to baseline (p value <0.001). Out of 272 adolescents, 18 (6.8%) were detected to have any mental health condition by HCWs as per the modified WHO mhGAP modules. A sample of 72 adolescents consisting of all adolescents identified with a mental health condition by HCWs and a random sample of adolescents without any diagnosis were validated by the research investigator (AS). There was a good agreement between diagnosis by health workers and the research investigator with a Cohen's Kappa of 0.88. Four themes emerged from the qualitative analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Training was effective in improving the knowledge of HCWs. There was a good agreement between trained HCWs and the investigator in detecting adolescent mental health conditions using modified mhGAP modules. The modified WHO mhGAP can thus be used by trained non-specialist HCWs to screen for adolescent mental health conditions in primary health centers.

Standard Precautions are for everyone: The role of HIV stigma and implications for nursing education in India.

Background and objective: Standard Precautions (SP) are infection control procedures universally applicable to every patient. Though SP reduces disease transmission, their implementation is dependent on the knowledge and skills of healthcare workers (HCWs). Poor knowledge regarding the appropriate use of SP can cause fear among HCWs, leading to stigma and discrimination while treating people living with HIV (PLWH). Stigma and discrimination are known barriers for PLWH to access HIV care services. The aim of the study was to assess nursing student knowledge of SP, SP self-efficacy and SP perceived efficacy of nursing students, and (2) to assess the association between SP knowledge, perceived efficacy, and intention to utilize unwarranted precautions, like using double gloves while treating PLWH. Methods: This paper analyzes baseline (non-randomized) data of a cluster randomized controlled trial amongst 1868 Indian nursing students. Data was collected using computer-administered structured questionnaire. The associations between the measures were done using multiple, logistic and poisson regression models. Results: Although 97% nursing students could identify SP, only 35.5% understood that they need to be used with all patients. Awareness of the importance of using SP with all patients was positively associated with self-efficacy. Students performing high-risk tasks frequently were significantly more likely to be confident in their ability to correctly use SP, but also had higher intention to use unwarranted precautions. Conclusions: Existing teaching and training programs for HCWs need to provide clear guidelines and emphasize on the correct use of SP with all patients. This will increase both skills and confidence in their abilities (self-efficacy).

Is self-reported adherence a valid measure of glycaemic control among people living with diabetes in rural India? A cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Visual analogue scale (VAS) is one of the simplest to measure medication adherence. It has neither been widely used for Non communicable diseases (NCD) nor validated for in the Indian setting. We examined the validity of self-reported medication adherence measures in relation to HbA1C in a rural population with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: Participants with DM was administered VAS, Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DMSQ) and assessed for missed pills. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were done. RESULTS: We recruited 1347 participants and 84% of them reported being 100% adherent as per VAS and 83.8% stated that they did not miss any pills. However, 58.2% of participants who reported having 100% adherence had poor glycaemic control, as did 58.1% of those who did not miss any pills. None of the diabetic self-care measures was significantly associated with glycaemic control. CONCLUSION: We found a lack of association between self-reported adherence measures and glycaemic control in participants with DM suggesting that self-reported adherence scales may not be valid in this population.

Antenatal depressive symptoms and behavioral outcomes in children at 78 months: A study from South India.

Background: Low and middle income countries report a higher prevalence of antenatal depression. The association between antenatal depressive symptoms and behavioral outcomes in children at 78 months in motherchild dyads who participated in a randomized control trial of maternal B12 supplementation during pregnancy was examined in this study. Methods: Children of 140 women, out of 366 who had participated in the placebo-controlled, randomized trial of vitamin B12 supplementation during pregnancy and 6 weeks post-partum, on whom serial assessments of depressive symptoms in each of the trimesters were done using the Kessler's 10 Psychological Distress Scale (K10), were assessed using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at 78 months. Results: Thirty seven women (26.4%) reported depressive symptoms at one trimester (intermittent group) and 28 women (20%) had depressive symptoms in at least 2 trimesters (persistent group). On adjusted bivariate regression analysis, children of women with intermittent antenatal depressive symptoms scored lower on the prosocial behavior subscale of SDQ compared to children of mothers with no depressive symptoms ( B=;-0.91, 95% CI: -1.65,-0.18; p=0.016). Limitations: The use of a screening measure to assess maternal depression, the assessment of the children's behavior based only on the mothers' reports and the small number of women with persistent depressive symptoms in our sample is important limitations. Conclusions: The possible association between antenatal depressive symptoms and prosocial behavior in children point to the need for routine assessment and intervention for emotional disorders during pregnancy.

Collaborative care compared to enhanced standard treatment of depression with co-morbid medical conditions among patients from rural South India: a cluster randomized controlled trial (HOPE Study).

BACKGROUND: Depression is common among primary care patients in LMIC but treatments are largely ineffective. In this cluster-randomized controlled trial, we tested whether depression outcomes are different among recipients of a collaborative care model compared to enhanced standard treatment in patients with co-morbid chronic medical conditions. METHODS: We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial among participants 30 years or older seeking care at 49 primary health centers (PHCs) in rural Karnataka, diagnosed with major depressive disorder, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, or panic disorder on the MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview plus either hypertension, diabetes, or ischemic heart disease. From a list of all PHCs in the district, 24 PHCs were randomized a priori to deliver collaborative care and 25 PHCs enhanced standard treatment. The collaborative care model consisted of a clinic-based and a community-based component. Study assessment staff was blinded to treatment arm allocation. The primary outcome was the individual-level PHQ-9 score over time. RESULTS: Between May 2015 and Nov 2018, 2486 participants were enrolled, 1264 in the control arm, and 1222 in the intervention arm. They were assessed at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. The mean PHQ-9 depression score was around 8.5 at baseline. At each follow-up PHQ-9 scores were significantly lower in the intervention (5.24, 4.81 and 4.22 at respective follow-ups) than in the control group (6.69, 6.13, 5.23, respectively). A significant time-by-treatment interaction (p < 0.001) in a multi-level model over all waves, nested within individuals who were nested within PHCs, confirmed that the decrease in depression score from baseline was larger for collaborative care than enhanced standard care throughout follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The collaborative care intervention resulted in significantly lower depression scores compared to enhanced standard care among participants with co-morbid physical conditions. The findings have potential implications for integrating mental health and chronic disease treatment in resource constrained settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02310932 , registered on December 8, 2014, and Clinical Trials Registry India CTRI/2018/04/013001 , registered on April 4, 2018. Retrospectively registered.

The effect of mental health training on the knowledge of common mental disorders among medical officers in primary health centres in rural Karnataka.

Background: Deficits in knowledge regarding identification and treatment of common mental disorders (CMD) and stigmatizing attitudes towards CMDs exist among primary care physicians in India. Objectives: We aimed to assess the gain in knowledge of CMDs among primary health centre (PHC) doctors, after they underwent training in the identification and treatment of CMDs, and to assess the relationship between the gain in knowledge and demographic variables. We also assessed attitudes towards depression among PHC doctors who underwent training. Methods: We assessed knowledge of CMDs among 38 PHC doctors before and after training using a multiple-choice questionnaire (MCQ). The training session included didactic teaching and case-based discussions. Results: The post-test mean score was significantly higher compared to the pre-test mean score (P < 0.0001), indicative of a significant mean gain in knowledge of CMDs among PHC doctors following training. Significant improvements were noted on the questions assessing identification of CMDs, knowledge of depressive symptoms and identification of panic attacks, post-training (all P < 0.05). Participants with lower pre-test scores had greater improvements in knowledge post-training. Around half of the PHC doctors endorsed negative attitudes towards depression. Conclusions: We demonstrated the efficacy of a training programme for PHC doctors in improving their knowledge of CMDs. Stigmatizing attitudes towards depression were present among around half the PHC doctors even after the training. This has implications for the strategy of integrating mental healthcare into primary care, with the overall goal of reducing the treatment gap for CMDs.

Awareness of the Use of Standard Precautions during Care of People Living with HIV by Ward Attendants in Indian Hospitals.

Context: Standard precautions (SP) are infection prevention practices universally used during patient care to lower infection transmission. Aims: The aim of the study was to (1) assess Indian ward attendants' (WAs) knowledge, perceived efficacy, and self-efficacy regarding SP and (2) examine correlates of SP self-efficacy and intent to use unnecessary precautions during care of people living with HIV. Subjects and Methods: Data are sourced from a face-to-face baseline survey of a stigma-reduction trial among 1859 WAs from Indian hospitals. Percentages were used to describe categorical variables means and standard deviations for continuous variables. Multiple regressions examined associations between measures. Results: WAs who had heard of SP had 44% higher odds of confidently using SP than those who had not heard of them. Those aware of universal SP use were 43% more likely to feel confident in using SP but also reported greater intent to use unnecessary precautions. Conclusions: Hospitals could implement SP training for WAs, as their knowledge of universal use was lacking.

Perceptions of ASHA workers in the HOPE collaborative care mental health intervention in rural South India: a qualitative analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the overlooked perspectives and beliefs of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA workers) regarding a collaborative care mental health intervention (HOPE: Healthier Options through Empowerment), mental illness and the health of their rural communities. DESIGN: Semi-structured, one-on-one, qualitative interviews. SETTING: Seven primary health centres (PHCs) in rural Karnataka, India. All PHCs had previously completed the HOPE study. PARTICIPANTS: 15 ASHA workers, selected via purposive sampling. ASHAs are high school-educated village women trained as community health workers. ASHAs were included if they had previously participated in the HOPE intervention, a collaborative-care randomised controlled trial that aimed to integrate mental healthcare into existing primary care systems in rural Karnataka. INTERVENTIONS: No interventions were introduced. RESULTS: ASHA workers mostly had positive interactions with patients, including encouraging them to attend sessions, helping to explain the topics and techniques, and checking on the patients frequently. ASHA workers were able to identify key barriers to treatment and facilitators to treatment. ASHAs claimed that their knowledge about mental illness improved because of the HOPE study, though gaps remained in their understanding of aetiology and treatment. Several expressed interest in receiving additional mental health training. Overall, ASHAs viewed the HOPE study as a necessary and effective intervention, and requested that it expand. CONCLUSIONS: This paper discusses the perspectives of ASHAs who participated in a novel effort to extend the collaborative care model to their own communities. ASHA workers help maintain relationships with patients that encourage participation, and the efforts of ASHAs often aid in mitigating common barriers to treatment. ASHA workers' beliefs and knowledge regarding mental illness can be changed, and ASHAs can become effective advocates for patients. Future collaborative care interventions would likely benefit from involving ASHA workers in community outreach efforts.

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among PLWH in South India: Implications for Vaccination Campaigns.

BACKGROUND: The global effort to end the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus 2 pandemic will depend on our ability to achieve a high uptake of the highly efficacious vaccines in all countries. India recently experienced an unprecedented transmission surge, likely fueled by a premature reopening, the highly transmissible delta variant, and low vaccination rates. Indian media have reported high degrees of vaccine hesitancy, which could interfere with efforts to prevent future surges, making it crucial to better understand the reasons for such reluctance in vulnerable populations, such as people living with HIV. METHODS: We conducted telephone interviews with 438 people living with HIV who were participants in a longitudinal cohort, designed to examine and validate novel antiretroviral therapy ART adherence measures. Interviews were conducted in January and February 2021 and covered COVID-19-related questions on confidence in vaccine safety and efficacy, worries of vaccine side effects, trust in COVID-19 information from specific sources, and intent to get vaccinated. RESULTS: Over one-third of participants (38.4%, n = 168) met our definition of "vaccine hesitant" by reporting being either unlikely to get vaccinated at all or wanting to wait. Vaccine hesitancy was associated with lack of confidence in vaccine safety, concerns about side effects and efficacy, and distrust in common sources of vaccine-related information. DISCUSSION: These results highlight several challenges for vaccination efforts. Campaigns may benefit from using trusted sources, including antiretroviral therapy center staff, providing clear information about safety and efficacy and emphasizing the role of vaccines in preventing severe disease, hospitalizations and death, and the reduction of forward transmission to unvaccinated household members.

Use of a Clinical Audit System in Implementing Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines in Patients With Peritonitis.

Background Sepsis is the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with peritonitis. "Surviving Sepsis Campaign" (SSC) is an international effort in reducing mortality based on evidence-based guidelines. This study aims to assess the impact of audit-based feedback in a Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) format on improving the implementation of the SSC guidelines in patients with generalized peritonitis at our center. Methods This prospective observational study was conducted in four audit cycles in PDSA format. Multi-departmental inputs were taken to suggest modifications in practice. A questionnaire-based analysis of reasons for non-compliance was performed to find out the opinions and reasons for non-compliance. Morbidity, mortality, and the length of ICU and hospital stay among these patients were also analyzed. Results Baseline compliance with intravenous (IV) bolus administration, central venous pressure (CVP)-guided fluids, and inotropes support when indicated were 100%. Over the course of the three audit cycles, statistically significant improvement in compliance was noted for obtaining blood cultures before antibiotics, antibiotic administration within three hours of presentation, and serum lactate measurement. Overall bundle compliance improved from 9.2% to 64.7% by the end of audit cycle III. Conclusions This study demonstrates that audit-based feedback is a dependable means of improving compliance with SSC guidelines. It brings about improvement by educating users, modifying their behavior through feedback, and enhances process improvement by identifying and correcting systemic deficiencies in the organization.