Effect of Smoking on Longitudinal Interferon-ϒ Release Assay Results among Close Contacts of People with Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Diagnosis of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in close contacts is critical for TB control. Smoking is a risk factor for Mtb infection and TB disease but its effect on longitudinal interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) results remains unknown. We conducted a multi-site prospective study in Brazil between 2015-2019, among close contacts of adults with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB. IGRA was performed at baseline, month 6 if negative at baseline, and month 24-30 after enrollment. IGRA results were categorized as IGRA-positive (maintained from baseline to last visit), IGRA-conversion (from negative to positive at any time), IGRA-reversion (from positive to negative at any time), and IGRA-negative (maintained from baseline to last visit). Associations between IGRA results and smoking status at baseline (current/former vs never) in contacts were evaluated using propensity score-adjusted logistic regression models. Estimated propensity score was used as a covariate in models, which regressed the outcome (IGRA-positive, IGRA-conversion, IGRA-reversion) on smoking status. Of 430 close contacts, 89 (21%) were IGRA-positive, 30 (7%) were converters, 30 (7%) were reverters and 22 were indeterminate. Smoking frequency was 26 (29%) among IGRA-positive contacts, 7 (23%) in converters, and 3 (10%) in reverters. Smoking in contacts was associated with lower odds of IGRA-reversion (adjusted odds ratio = 0.16; 95% confidence interval = [0.03-0.70]). We did not detect associations between smoking and IGRA-positive or IGRA-conversion. Our findings highlight the importance of smoking on longitudinal IGRA results. This has implications for clinical care and clinical trials in which IGRA status is monitored or used as an outcome.

Prediction Models for Adverse Drug Reactions During Tuberculosis Treatment in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) treatment-related adverse drug reactions (TB-ADRs) can negatively affect adherence and treatment success rates. METHODS: We developed prediction models for TB-ADRs, considering participants with drug-susceptible pulmonary TB who initiated standard TB therapy. TB-ADRs were determined by the physician attending the participant, assessing causality to TB drugs, the affected organ system, and grade. Potential baseline predictors of TB-ADR included concomitant medication (CM) use, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), age, body mass index (BMI), sex, substance use, and TB drug metabolism variables (NAT2 acetylator profiles). The models were developed through bootstrapped backward selection. Cox regression was used to evaluate TB-ADR risk. RESULTS: There were 156 TB-ADRs among 102 of the 945 (11%) participants included. Most TB-ADRs were hepatic (n = 82 [53%]), of moderate severity (grade 2; n = 121 [78%]), and occurred in NAT2 slow acetylators (n = 62 [61%]). The main prediction model included CM use, HbA1c, alcohol use, HIV seropositivity, BMI, and age, with robust performance (c-statistic = 0.79 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .74-.83) and fit (optimism-corrected slope and intercept of -0.09 and 0.94, respectively). An alternative model replacing BMI with NAT2 had similar performance. HIV seropositivity (hazard ratio [HR], 2.68 [95% CI, 1.75-4.09]) and CM use (HR, 5.26 [95% CI, 2.63-10.52]) increased TB-ADR risk. CONCLUSIONS: The models, with clinical variables and with NAT2, were highly predictive of TB-ADRs.