[Association of the meaning of life with satisfaction, the occurrence of subjective complaints and the family's economic status in the population of lower secondary school students].

INTRODUCTION: Feeling of meaning in life is extremely crucial factor of mental health. The lack of it can result in various disorders. Many authors, especially those connected with current of humanistic psychology underline the teenagers' life sense. THE AIM: The aim of the paper was to examine the level of satisfaction with life, the frequency of psychosomatic complaints by junior high school students as well as the estimation of economical status of family and the analysis of meaning in life with above mentioned factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was carried out in 2015 at 70 schools from all over the country, in group of 3695 lower secondary school students of I-III classes at the age of 13-17 (M=14,9; SD=0,87). The analysis connected with meaning in life using the shorten version of Purpose in Life Test (PIL) as well as analysis of life satisfaction using Cantril scale were taken up. What is more, the subjective physical complaints using single-factor shorten scale and economic status of family with the usage of material resources FAS scale (Family Affluence Scale) were examined. The statistical analysis included a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), t-student test post-hoc test as well as multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: The average level of meaning in life among the examined students was 24,7 points (the summary scale 0-36 points), the boys achieved higher score than girls. The students satisfied with life (t=28,0; p<0,001), with rare physical complaints (F=124,8; p<0,001) and from affluent families (F=15,4; p<0,001) were significantly characterized by higher average level of meaning in life than students who were dissatisfied with their life, often or fairly suffer from health complaints and live in families of at most average level of affluence. CONCLUSION: The meaning in life is positively connected with satisfaction with life, lack of subjective complaints and family affluence. Because there is a lack of analysis linked with school teenagers' meaning in life in Polish literature, another research involved not only shorten but also full version of this tool should be conducted.

Vertebroplasty of cervical vertebra.

BACKGROUND: The first vertebroplasty was performed by Harve Deramond in France in 1984 due to a hemangioma of cervical vertebral body. Procedure technique consisted of inserting a needle through the bony palate of the oral cavity. Bone cement injected under pressure not only fills the areas of bone loss. The heat released in the process of crystallization causes denaturation of pathological tissue proteins (metastasis) and disrupts blood supply (hemangiomas). The aim of this study was to evaluate the method of treatment from anterolateral access. MATERIAL/METHODS: In the years 2007-2012 the procedure was performed in 6 men and 9 women aged from 42 to 71 years (mean age: 56.3 years). In 10 cases the reason for vertebroplasty was the vertebral hemangioma, in another 4 - pathological vertebral fractures due to metastases, and in one case - multiple myeloma. Procedures were performed from anterolateral access, under local anesthesia, under x-ray guidance (fluoroscopy). Bone needle was inserted into the vertebral body, followed by injection of PMMA cement. RESULTS: In 100% cases pain relief was observed immediately after the procedure and beneficial therapeutic effect was obtained. No life-threatening complications and clinical symptoms were observed. Average length hospital stay amounted to 2.9 days. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical spine vertebroplasty from anterolateral access seems to be a safe, effective and beneficial method of treatment. It reduces the risk of infection in comparison to the transoral method.

[Selected family socio-economic factors as predictors of peer violence among school children in Poland]. / Wybrane czynniki spoleczno-ekinomiczne srodowiska rodzinnego jako predyktory przemocy rówiesniczej wsród mlodziezy szkolnej w Polsce.

AIM: Analyses concerning peer violence among girls and boys aged 13-17 years, in the context of socio- -economic characteristics of the family: family structure, parental employment status and perceived family wealth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Preliminary data from the recent HBSC studies conducted in 12 voivodeships in Poland in 2013 was used. The analyzes concerned 2300 students aged 13-17 years (45% boys) and focused on the following types of violence: being a perpetrator and a victim of bullying, participation in fights and cyberbullying. Chi-square test analysis and multivariate logistic regression models were used. RESULTS: Significantly more boys than girls experienced bullying (28% vs. 22%) and was perpetrators of violence in the school (39% vs. 25%). The youth from single-parent families significantly more often than students from two-parent families, participated in fights and was the perpetrators of violence in the school. Being a perpetrator and a victim of violence concerned mostly students from poor families and boys, whose father was unemployed. The following risk factors was identified- among boys: low economic status of the family (victims of bullying) and single-parent family (victims of cyberbullying), father's unemployment (the perpetrator of bullying) and age 13-14 years (victims and perpetrators of bullying, participation in fights) and among girls: low economic status of the family (cyberbullying), mother's unemployment and age 13-14 years (victims of violence). CONCLUSIONS: The family socio-economic factors, gender and age determine the type and the prevalence of peer violence. Low economic status of the family and single-parent family increases the risk of experiencing violence. For the prevention of bullying the educational role of the father and his commitment to family budget are important.

[Sedentary behaviour 13-years-olds and its association with selected health behaviours, parenting practices and body mass]. / Siedzacy tryb zycia polskich 13-latkówi jego powiazania z wybranymi zachowaniamizdrowotnymi, praktykami rodzicielskimioraz masa ciala.

OBJECTIVE: 1. To estimate the time spent in sedentary behaviour (watching TV, using the computer, doing homework). 2. To assess the link between the total time spent on watching TV, using the computer, doing homework and dietary habits, physical activity, parental practices and body mass. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study was conducted in Poland in 2008 among 13-year olds (n=600). They self-reported their time of TV viewing, computer use and homework. Their dietary behaviours, physical activity (MVPA) and parenting practices were also self-reported. Height and weight were measured by school nurses. Descriptive statistics and correlation were used in this analysis. RESULTS: The mean time spent watching television in school days was 2.3 hours for girls and 2.2 for boys. Boys spent significantly more time using the computer than girls - respectively 1.8 and 1.5 hours, while girls took longer doing homework - respectively 1.7 and 1.3 hours. Mean screen time was about 4 hours in school days and about 6 hours during weekend, statistically longer for boys in weekdays. Screen time was positively associated with intake of sweets, chips, soft drinks, "fast food" and meals consumption during TV, and negatively with regularity of meals and parental supervision. There was no correlation between screen time with physical activity and body mass. CONCLUSION: Sedentary behaviours and physical activity are not competing behaviours in Polish teenagers, but their relationship with unhealthy dietary patterns may lead to development of obesity. Good parental practices, both mother's and father's supervision seems to be crucial for screen time limitation in their children. Parents should become aware that relevant lifestyle monitoring of their children is a crucial element of health education in prevention of civilization diseases. This is a task for both healthcare workers and educational staff.

[Embolization of carotid arteria branch in stanching of nasal bleeding]. / Embolizacja galezi tetnicy szyjnej zewnetrznej w tamowaniu krwawien z nosa.

BACKGROUND: Epistaxis is a common clinical problem, especially in otolaryngology. This disorder affects equally both genders. Most cases manifest as spontaneous nasal bleeding. It can also appear as a result of trauma, high blood pressure, Osler-Rendu-Weber disease. When the bleeding is massive it can be potentially life-threatening. A great majority of epistaxis can be treated conservatively, if not it sometimes requires endovascular treatment. It is specially reserved for extensive, dangerous epistaxis. Angiography with selective embolization has become an accepted method of treating epistaxis that is not controlled with conservative methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Authors analyzed the efficacy of selective embolization treatment of epistaxis. 61 patients treated in the Department of Otolaryngology in Bialystok in years 1999-2011 were examined. There were 39 men and 22 women aged 24-48 years. Patients were referred for endovascular treatment when primary management was ineffective. Arteries suspected of bleeding were embolized superselectively. RESULTS: Immediate, complete control of bleeding was achieved in 100% patients. After few hours recurrent nasal bleeding occurred in 4 (7%) patients who underwent successful reembolization. There were no severe complications after procedure. Nine patients experienced few days lasting mild headache which disappeared after medicament treatment. Five patients suffered from unaided removing facial oedema. Out of 61 patients, 56 were available for 12-month follow-up evaluation. No neurological or otolaryngological complications were certified. There was also no relapse of epistaxis. CONCLUSIONS: Selective angiographic embolization is an effective method that should be considered in the treatment of refractory epistaxis. It is safe and not traumatic for patients.

Palliative embolization of hemorrhages in extensive head and neck tumors.

BACKGROUND: A lot has changed in terms of intervention technique, indications and embolic agents since Duggan introduced embolization to management of postraumatic epistaxis in 1970. Embolization is used in treatment of spontaneous and traumatic epistaxis, palliative tumors and vascular defects, as well as vascularized tumors and juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas. The possibility of simultaneous visualization of pathology and implementation of therapy is one of its greatest advantages. MATERIAL/METHODS: Authors analyzed the efficacy of selective embolization treatment of haemorrhage in advanced head and neck tumors. Seventy-six patients with such tumors treated at the Department of Otolaryngology in Bialystok between1999 and 2011 were examined. RESULTS: Embolization of bleeding vessel within the tumor was effective (hemorrhage was stopped) in 65 patients (86%). Although the method is highly efficient, it is still associated with complications. Fourteen patients suffered from headaches that lasted for several days and six from face edema. Rebleeding was rare. Unfortunately, there was one case of hemiparesis. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that superselective endovascular treatment deserves to be considered alongside standard options for the palliative or preoperative management of acute hemorrhage from advanced head and neck cancers.

[Meals consumption among thirteen years olds and selected family socio-economic correlates]. / Regularnosc spozywania posilków przez 13-latków a wybrane cechy spoleczno-ekonomiczne rodziny.

AIM: To analyse the influence of selected family socioeconomic factors on the regularity of meals consumption among 13-years aged adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Group of 605 13-years olds identified in the prospective cohort study in 2008 was analysed. Data was gathered with use of posted questionnaires. On the basis of information given by children the regularity (4-5 times a week) of meals consumption on school days and eating meals with parents were correlated with parents' educational level, occupational status and perceived family wealth. The study also recognised the distinction between urban and rural residents. RESULTS: Most questionnaires were filled out by mothers (95%), only 5% by fathers. In urban area, the mother's occupation and the perceived family wealth, correlate with children meals consumption and eating meals with parents. Children whose mothers have a job eat breakfast 1.5 times and supper 3 times less regularly, than children whose mothers don't work. Children from poor families eat breakfast 14 times less regularly than children from rich families as well as eat supper 3 times less regularly than children from average wealthy families. In the rural area, the regularity of meals consumption significantly influence the mother's education. Children whose mothers have a secondary education, compared with children of mothers with basic education, are 4 times more likely to eat dinner and supper regularly. CONCLUSION: The family socioeconomic factors significantly correlate with regularity of 13-years olds meals consumption and regularity of family meals. The place of residence involve the different factors influencing meals consumption habits. It was shown that children and fathers were too little engaged in family life, including family meals preparation and consumption.