RESUMO
Short-time dynamics of superfluids far from equilibrium remains largely unknown, despite its importance for key processes in these systems. Here, we describe a method for locally perturbing the density of superfluid helium via the excitation of roton pairs with ultrashort laser pulses. By measuring the time dependence of this perturbation, we track the nonequilibrium dynamics of the two-roton states on femtosecond and picosecond timescales. Our results reveal an ultrafast equilibration of roton pairs as they thermalize with the colder equilibrium quasiparticle gas. Future applications of this technique to different temperature and pressure regimes, in various superfluids, will enable to probe rapid nucleation and decay processes, as well as metastable Bose-Einstein condensates of rotons and roton pairs.
RESUMO
Underwater noise pollution from impulsive sources (e.g. explosions, seismic airguns, percussive pile driving) can affect marine fauna through mortality, physical injury, auditory damage, physiological stress, acoustic masking, and behavioural responses. Given the potential for large-scale impact on marine ecosystems, some countries are now monitoring impulsive noise activity, coordinated internationally through Regional Seas Conventions. Here, we assess impulsive noise activity in the Northeast Atlantic reported during 2015-2017 to the first international impulsive noise register (INR), established in 2016 under the OSPAR Convention. Seismic airgun surveys were the dominant noise source (67%-83% of annual activity) and declined by 38% during 2015-2017. Reported pile driving activity increased 46%. Explosions and sonar/acoustic deterrent devices both had overall increases in reported activity. Some increases were attributable to more comprehensive reporting in later years. We discuss utilising the INR for risk assessment, target setting, and forward planning, and the implementation of similar systems in other regions.
