Explosive gas formation during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

Intravesical explosion during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is an extremely rare event. It might be associated with various degrees of bladder injury ranging from simple mucosal tear to rupture of the bladder. It is believed that intravesical explosion occurs due to formation of explosive gases in the bladder during TURP and its admixture with air. One case of intravesical explosion during TURP resulting in complete intra- and extraperitoneal bladder rupture at our institution is described. The management of this dreaded complication involves open surgery. Although rare, this complication is preventable by taking precautions.

[Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma]. / Diagnostik des Harnblasenkarzinoms.

Bladder cancer represents the fifth most common malignancy in the US. In Germany we face 25,000 new incidences of urothelial cancers every year. At present a variety of different techniques is available for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. On the one hand techniques are needed that show the possible presence of a tumour and on the other hand procedures that can confirm a lesion to be a tumour, like in most cases histology does. The following article gives an overview of the currently used standards in the diagnosis of urothelial cancer. Also new techniques for diagnosis and surveillance of urothelial cancer are discussed. The combination of white light endoscopy and urine cytology is currently considered the gold standard for diagnosis. Transurethral biopsies or TUR-BT subsequently follow in the case of positive findings. To optimize the sensitivity and lower the recurrence rate as well as the residual tumour rate, fluorescence endoscopy can be used as an additional approach. Also urine-based markers play an important role in the diagnosis and surveillance of urothelial carcinomas, but cannot yet be recommended as a single procedure in the routine diagnosis of bladder tumour.

[Causes and diagnosis of female urinary incontinence]. / Die wichtigsten Ursachen und wie Sie sie erkennen.

The primary cause of stress incontinence is birth traumata. However, obesity, asthma, chronic constipation or hard physical work can also overtax the pelvic floor and lead to injury of the connective tissue and a slackening of the ligamentous apparatus. Pelvic floor defects are initially diagnosed simply through a thorough urogynaecological examination. To predict the success of a surgical treatment, the functions can be tested by performing simulated operations.

[Conservative treatment of urinary incontinence]. / Was Sie konservativ anbieten können.

Urinary incontinence can be treated with medicinal products in addition to active pelvic floor muscle training and electrostimulation. A local hormone therapy should be first discussed with the gynaecologist. The active substance duloxetine has been used for a few years for treating stress incontinence. Several older and newer active substances are available for treating irritable bladder and stress incontinence.

[Surgical treatment of female urinary incontinence]. / Operative Therapie. Neue Spannung im kleinen Becken.

Through modern surgical procedures, a reconstruction approaching the physiological anatomical conditions can be achieved. According to the integral theory, the typical symptoms are assigned to an anterior, middle and posterior zone of damage. Surgical treatment of female urinary incontinence consists of refixation of the slackened supporting ligaments of the vagina, bladder and urethra. Furthermore, the slackening of the vaginal wall, which arose from the defects of the pelvic floor are corrected. With the aid of minimally invasive interventions usually using the vaginal approach, tapes and meshes are introduced that are also used to repair hernias.

[Benign prostatic hyperplasia: surgical treatment]. / Alte und neue operative Verfahren beim benignen Prostatasyndrom. Von der Ausschälung bis zur Verdampfung.

According to the current treatment algorithm, surgical treatment of benign prostatic syndrome (BPS) is the next step after a pharmacological treatment. In addition to conventional transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), much interest is shifting towards alternative sugical techniques such as transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT),transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA) and several laser techniques.

[Imaging procedures to diagnose prostate cancer]. / Bildgebende Verfahren bei der Diagnose des Prostatakarzinoms.

Prostate cancer is one of the most frequent malignant diseases in men. Despite constant progress achieved in imaging procedures, prostate biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing prostate cancer. For the assessment of lymph node status, only staging lymphadenectomy provides valid information. The aim of this work is to analyze the imaging procedures available in Germany and their value in primary and lymph node staging as well as biochemical recurrence.