Ischemic preconditioning vs adenosine vs prostaglandin E1 for protection against liver ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Ischemia/reperfusion injury is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality during liver surgery and transplantation. A variety of surgical and pharmacological therapeutic strategies have been investigated to minimize the effects of ischemia/reperfusion. The aim of our study was to analyze and compare preventive influences of ischemic preconditioning, adenosine and prostaglandin E1 in the experimental model of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Adult chinchilla rabbits were divided into four groups: 10 rabbits subjected to liver ischemic preconditioning (3-min period of inflow occlusion followed by a 5-min period of reperfusion) followed by 45 min of Pringle maneuver; 10 rabbits subjected to pre-treatment with intraportal injection of adenosine followed by 45 min of Pringle maneuver; 10 rabbits subjected to pre-treatment with intraportal injection of prostaglandin E1 followed by 45 min of Pringle maneuver; and control group of 10 rabbits subjected to 45 min of inflow liver ischemia without any preconditioning. On the second postoperative day, blood samples were obtained and biochemical parameters of liver function were measured and compared. Liver tissue samples were also obtained and histopathological changes were compared. Based on biochemical and histopathological parameters, it was demonstrated that ischemic preconditioning provided the best protection against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. This was probably due to a wider range of mechanisms of action of this method oriented to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, and restore liver microcirculation and hepatocyte energy compared to the examined pharmacological strategies.

Extralevator with vs nonextralevator abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer: the RELAPe randomized controlled trial.

AIM: A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in circumferential resection margin (CRM) between extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE) and non-ELAPE for rectal cancer. METHOD: This was a multicentre, randomized controlled trial registered as NCT01702116. Patients with rectal cancer involving the external anal sphincter were randomized to ELAPE or non-ELAPE following neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Randomization was performed according to Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. The primary end-point was CRM (in mm), defined as the shortest distance between the tumour and the cut edge of the specimen. Pathologists and centralized pathology were blinded to the patients' study arm. Interrater reliability (IRR) was assessed using Kendall's coefficient. Intra-operative perforation (IOP) was any rectal defect determined at pathology. Complications were classified using the Clavien-Dindo classification. Participating surgeons were retrained and credentialed. A sample size calculation showed that 34 subjects would provide sufficient power to reject the null hypothesis. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients underwent the allocated intervention. Seventeen patients treated with ELAPE were comparable with 17 patients treated with non-ELAPE regarding age, gender, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class and pre-existing comorbidities. CRM depth (7.14 ± 5.76 mm vs 2.98 ± 3.28 mm, P = 0.016) and involvement rates (5.8% vs 41.0%, P = 0.04) were significantly increased in patients treated with ELAPE. The IRR for CRM was 0.78. There were no significant differences in IOP (5.8% vs 11.7%, P = 0.77) and complication rates (29% vs 29%, P = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: ELAPE was associated with statistically improved CRM with no difference in IOP and complication rates compared with non-ELAPE for rectal cancer involving the external anal sphincter.

Ischemic preconditioning vs adenosine vs prostaglandin E1 for protection against liver ischemia/reperfusion injury

Ischemia/reperfusion injury is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality during liver surgery and transplantation. A variety of surgical and pharmacological therapeutic strategies have been investigated to minimize the effects of ischemia/reperfusion. The aim of our study was to analyze and compare preventive influences of ischemic preconditioning, adenosine and prostaglandin E1 in the experimental model of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Adult chinchilla rabbits were divided into four groups: 10 rabbits subjected to liver ischemic preconditioning (3-min period of inflow occlusion followed by a 5-min period of reperfusion) followed by 45 min of Pringle maneuver; 10 rabbits subjected to pre-treatment with intraportal injection of adenosine followed by 45 min of Pringle maneuver; 10 rabbits subjected to pre-treatment with intraportal injection of prostaglandin E1 followed by 45 min of Pringle maneuver; and control group of 10 rabbits subjected to 45 min of inflow liver ischemia without any preconditioning. On the second postoperative day, blood samples were obtained and biochemical parameters of liver function were measured and compared. Liver tissue samples were also obtained and histopathological changes were compared. Based on biochemical and histopathological parameters, it was demonstrated that ischemic preconditioning provided the best protection against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. This was probably due to a wider range of mechanisms of action of this method oriented to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, and restore liver microcirculation and hepatocyte energy compared to the examined pharmacological strategies.

Screening for predictors of adverse outcome in onco-geriatric surgical patients: A multicenter prospective cohort study.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive ability of screening tools regarding the occurrence of major postoperative complications in onco-geriatric surgical patients and to propose a scoring system. METHODS: 328 patients ≥ 70 years undergoing surgery for solid tumors were prospectively recruited. Preoperatively, twelve screening tools were administered. Primary endpoint was the incidence of major complications within 30 days. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using logistic regression. A scoring system was derived from multivariate logistic regression analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was applied to evaluate model performance. RESULTS: At a median age of 76 years, 61 patients (18.6%) experienced major complications. In multivariate analysis, Timed Up and Go (TUG), ASA-classification and Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS) were predictors of major complications (TUG>20 OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1-8.6; ASA ≥ 3 OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2-6.3; NRS impaired OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6-6.8). The scoring system, including TUG, ASA, NRS, gender and type of surgery, showed good accuracy (AUC: 0.81, 95% CI 0.75-0.86). The negative predictive value with a cut-off point >8 was 93.8% and the positive predictive value was 40.3%. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial number of patients experience major postoperative complications. TUG, ASA and NRS are screening tools predictive of the occurrence of major postoperative complications and, together with gender and type of surgery, compose a good scoring system.

Umbilical endometriosis associated with large umbilical hernia. Case report.

Umbilical endometriosis is a rare condition, usually following laparoscopic and surgical procedures involving the umbilicus.Spontaneous umbilical endometriosis occurring without any previous abdominal or uterine surgery is extremely rare. The maximal depth of penetration of the umbilical endometriosis described is up to fascial level. There have been only two cases of endometriosis reported arising within umbilical hernia. The authors report a case of a patient with spontaneous umbilical endometriosis associated with a large umbilical hernia, treated by surgical excision and mesh repair of the abdominal wall. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first described case of the association of umbilical endometriosis with a large umbilical hernia that requires prosthetic mesh repair of the abdominal wall defect.

Intermittent or continuous occlusion of hepatic inflow.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim was to compare the effects of intermittent and continuous inflow occlusion on liver I/R injury in an experimental model. METHOD: The experiment was done using the Wistar rats that underwent continuous and intermittent inflow liver vascular occlusion. Blood and liver tissue samples were taken and parameters of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: Serum activities of ALT, AST and LDH were significantly higher and ALP activity and albumin concentration were markedly lower in rats with continuous liver ischemia. Also, histopathological examination revealed more severe changes in animals with continuous liver vascular occlusion. CONCLUSION: The results of biochemical assay and histopathological examination were concurrent, both indicating more serious parenchymatous damage caused by continuous hepatic pedicle clamping. Study results clearly demonstrated a better tolerance of the liver to intermittent Pringle maneuver (Tab. 1, Fig. 5, Ref. 9).

Malignant biliary stenosis treated with two percutaneous stents--case report.

INTRODUCTION: During last three decades interventional radiology became most powerfull tool in palliative treatment of patients with malignant biliary stenosis. CASE REPORT: We report a case of 62-year-old patient with malignant biliary obstruction caused by recidivant tumor of common bile duct remnant with infiltration of previously created hepaticojejunostomia. Biliary decompression was achieved by placement of two self-expanding metallic stents. DISCUSSION: In presented patient, due to previous surgery percutaneous approach was mandatory. Also, considering the unresectability of recidivant lesion and poor prognosis, definitive, preferable internal biliary drainage was to be achieved. Therefore the placement of metallic self-expanding stent was the therapeutic method of choice. CONCLUSION: The aim of percutaneous minimally invasive radiological interventions is to achieve effective biliary decompression with internal bile drainage if possible.

Influence of long-term radiotherapy on symptoms and signs of locally advanced primary rectal cancer of distant localisation.

This study is a part of a clinical trial in preoperative radiotherapy of low rectal cancer, conducted as a prospective and partly retrospective clinical study. It was designed to estimate the influence of long-term radiotherapy on symptoms of locally advanced rectal cancer. We included 49 patients with T3/4 stage adenocarcinoma (diagnosis confirmed by clinical, pathological and CT examinations) of the lower two thirds of the rectum, who were treated with long-term radiotherapy (45 Gy in 20-25 fractions) and questioned for the presentation of symptoms before and after the treatment. The chief complaints of these patients were the presence of blood in stool, abdominal and pelvic pain, straining (tenesmus) and the alteration in bowel movement. We found a significant decrease in symptoms and signs of the illness after the radiotherapy as well as the improvement of the quality of life.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the large bowel-clinical characteristics, prognostic factors and survival.

The aims of this study were to review the clinical presentation of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the large bowel, to analyze the prognostic factors using univariate and multivariate methods, as well as the overall survival. We identified 24 cases at our clinic between 1991 and 2005, based on pathohistological analysis and standard diagnostic criteria established by Dawson et al. They accounted for 1.2% of all cases of the large bowel malignancies (24/2021) during this period. The following clinical information such as age, gender, symptoms, tumor localization, operation performed, histology grade, stage of disease, and adjuvant chemotherapy was obtained. Survival function was expressed by Kaplan-Meier curve and Log-rank test was performed for the difference in survival between two patient groups. Multivariate analysis was carried out using the Cox proportional hazard model. Overall mean survival time was 41.91 months. According to the univariete analysis, the factors influencing overall survival rate was operation type (elective and emergent). Tumor stage and operation type were independent prognostic factors for survival, as determined by multivariate analysis. Our results showed that tumor stage and operation type should be considered as the most important prognostic factors in patients with primary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the large bowel.

[Anal canal melanoma-- case report].

Anal canal melanoma is a rare disease comprising 1% of all colorectal ie. anal malignant tumours with very poor long term prognosis. Its significant biologic aggressivity is the consequence of the tendency towards lymphatic, local and hematogenous spread. At the moment of diagnosis even 30% of the patients have distant metastases. Surgical intervention represents the only possibility for cure. Modern approach to the anal canal melanoma treatment implies two types of intervention: wide local excision preserving the sphincter mechanism and abdominoperineal resection of the rectum. There are numerous dillemas about the choice of surgery in particular disease stages. The authors report on a 61 years old women in which anal canal melanoma with left inguinal lymphatic metastases was detected during the inspection of "haemorrhoids". After the diagnosis was established, abdominoperineal resection of the rectum was performed with dissection of both inguinal regions.

[An acute pancreatitis in a child caused by Na-valproate]. / Akutni pankreatitis kod deteta uzrokovan Na-valproatom.

Na-valproat (Apilepsin, Eftil), is is a commonly prescribed medication approved for treatment of epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgy, migraine, and bipolar disorder. Although the common adverse effects associated with Na-valproat are usually benign, more serious and fatal complication like liver failure and acute pancreatitis (AP) can occur. Acute pancreatitis may take place in all ages, regardless of dose and serum levels of the medicine. An acute pancreatitis is relatively common after intravenous administration. The authors presented a case of acute opancreatitis in 13-years girl caused by Na-valproat.

[Evaluation of the value of local protective methods using latex prosthesis and fibrin glue in colonic anastomoses]. / Procena vrednosti lokalnih protektivnih metoda latex proteze i fibrinskog lepka na anastomoze kolona.

In this experimental study on small animals (Wister rats) performed evaluation of local protective methods--latex prosthesis and fibrine adhesives--on colon anastomosis healing--prevention of dehiscency. Ninety experimental animals in whom segmental left colon resection was done, were divided into three groups of 30 animals. In the control group after segmental resection termino-terminal anastomosis with single-layer continuous suture was performed. In the second and third group with the same animals, anastomosis protection was performed with endoluminal latex prosthesis and extraluminal application of fibrine adhesives. In the postoperative course where the animals were monitored for 21 days in the control group, 3 (10%) died of acute diffuse peritonitis the cause of which was anastomosis dehiscency, in the latex prosthesis 2 animals (6.6%) died, while in the extraluminally applied fibrine glue group all animals survived. The results of this experiment demonstrate that local protective measures for colon anastomoses may produce better results, with fibrine adhesive administration as the best modality.

[Reconstruction of large defects of the abdominal wall using dermal and synthetic grafts]. / Rekonstrukcije velikih defekata trbusnog zida primenom koznog i sintetskog grafta.

Large defects of abdominal wall (greater than 8 cm in diameter) related to different cause, are still difficult problem of modern surgery. The best results in order to obtain safe and permanent anatomical and functional abdominal wall integrity are reached by autogenous dermal and synthetic grafts. Controversies concerning quality of these procedures are still presents. Our work is based on two equal experimental groups of 20 Vister rats each, with large artificial abdominal wall defects: one treated with autogenous dermal graft, another with synthetic Mersilene mesh graft. The animals from both groups were sacrificed in previous planned time intervals (3rd, 7th, 14th and 48th days). Afterwards detailed microscopic and gross examination of abdominal wall reparation and quality of reconstructed abdominal wall defects had been performed. According to our results both methods are easy to be performed and safety surgical procedures. Overestimated usage of synthetic grafts should be diminished because of advantages of autologous dermal graft--availability, substitution of firmly fibrosis tissue and endurance against infection.

[Experimental and clinical possibilities of transplantation of the injured and totally devascularized spleen]. / Eksperimentalne i klinicke mogucnosti transplantacije konkvasirane ili totalno devaskularizovane slezine.

The most severe spleen lesions with conquasation and devascularisation of entire organ, when it is practically impossible to do any preservating surgical procedure, are the true indications for the transplantation of this extremely important immunological organ. We have performed the evaluation of the surgical procedure of heterotopic auto transplantation in the 30 dogs with severe spleen lesions. Simulation of totally devascularized spleen with the lesions of V degree was performed by disrupting all segmental blood vessels with deep and long longitudinal transhilar incision. During the 3 months follow-up period, animals were subjected to numerous explorations in order to macroscopically and histologically valuate the implant. In most cases (80-85%) implants had complete vitality with the preservation of normal tissue architecture, while 15-20% of implants had partial or total fibrosis. There were no mortality and no complications after this preservation procedure. The presence of fibrosis in some implants suggests that the implant preparation should be better performed and that transplantation of larger tissue volume is needed. Enriched with this experimental experience we have performed heterotopic auto transplantation in 2 patients with spleen lesion of V degree (car accident and injury at work) with very satisfactory results.